the annals of New Amsterdam was in 1642, and it is known to many living New Yorkers as the location of French's Hotel.

In the construction of the enlarged building Messrs. Weeks & Son had several difficulties to overcome. For instance, that portion of the site which is bounded by the approach to the Brooklyn Bridge was troublesome when the foundations were being prepared. They had to dig down under the bridge approach wall for a distance of eighteen feet and underpin it, but this was accomplished without the slightest interruption to the Bridge traffic, a minute's delay to which ofttimes means an hour of congestion. The tests for the foundations were of the most severe character. A block of concrete two feet square was fitted into the earth as the base of the excavation. Fifty tons was loaded upon this small block, and there was practically no settlement, proving conclusively that the structure would stand upon virtually a foundation of solid rock.

The most serious difficulty encountered by the contractors was in attaching the new building to the old, because the welding had to be accomplished without interruption to the work of publishing the newspaper and without inconvenience to the many tenants occupying the old building. The taking down of the old east wall, the cutting off of about six feet of the old building and the joining of the new and the old, were accomplished substantially without a hitch. In one instance part of the old wall had to be torn down before the steel skeleton of the new building was started. The smokestack in the old building was left standing, and when the steel skeleton was finished the smoke from the old building was turned into the new stack, which had risen with the steel structure of the new building. Then the balance of the old wall was removed, the floor beams fitted together and the welding of the twe mammoth buildings was completed.

In another instance it was found necessary, in order to avoid interference with the publication of the newspaper, to build a new floor under a line of autoplate machines, which were at the time being operated to the fullest capacity.

The cost of the new Pulitzer Building, without equipment, will be in round figures about One Million Dollars. Briefly, it is a steel skeleton, with concrete floors, strong enough to stand the weight of any machinery desired to be placed upon them. The outside walls are of granite, with terra cotta and brick trimmings. The window frames, sashes, etc., are of copper; all the interior partitions are of fireproof tiling-in short, a thoroughly fireproof, earthquake-proof structure.

The greatest care has been exercised in the construction and assembling of the steel used in the erection of the skeleton to prevent flaws or rust, with the result that it is absolutely perfect. After the steel had been painted it was not exposed to the weather or loaded for shipment until it had been carefully inspected and the paint found to be thoroughly dry. At no time after the application of the first coat of paint was the steel laid on the ground, but each part was placed on skids or trestles, and in the handling and unloading extreme caution was observed to avoid scraping off of the preservative coating, and even in transportation, to avoid nesting of the pieces, packing material was placed between them. After the erection of the steel skeleton the work was thoroughly inspected, cleansed, and repainted. The tests for sustaining weights were of the most stringent nature and have been more than satisfactory.

In the new building six large elevators and two smaller ones will take the place of the three elevators in the old building. Two smaller elevators are to be so equipped that they may be easily turned into service for general passenger use at rush hours in the great building. There will be new systems of heating, ventilating. lighting, and new plans of decoration, which will bring the enlarged Pulitzer Building up to the standard set by the contractors, if it does not place it ahead of the very best of the many beautiful structures erected by this extraordinarily successful and competent firm of builders.

Remarkable New Fuel that Gives Perfect Heat and

Light at Very Small Cost.

HEN the United

W

States Government recently removed

alcohol, it conferred a great boon on the American people. the tax on denatured fuel at once far superior to electricity, coal, gas or kerosene, and much cheaper. It gave to them a It is doubtful if even the legislator who first studied the subject and was the prime mover in getting Congress to take off the tax foresaw the great material benefits that would result.

It is not an exaggeration to say that no recent legislation has more widely affected the economic welfare of the Nation. placed within the reach of all citizens a substitute for expensive heating and lighting By abolishing the duty on this perfect fuel Congress commodities that will go far toward ending the monopolies created by the Coal Trust and the Standard Oil concerns.

Osol, or denatured alcohol, is alcohol that has been made undrinkable by a special process. It is non-explosive. among these is its cleanliness. It possesses sterling virtues besides its cheapness. room or several connecting rooms at a total cost of a trifle more than a cent an hour. A heater fed by denatured alcohol will warm a large Chief The heat radiated from this heater is very agreeable, totally devoid of that quality usually styled "dryness" so often complained of in hot air furnaces and steam apparatus. great advantage is that this heater is as easy to run as an ordinary lamp. tend it. A small reservoir at the base of the heater is filled with the osol, the wicks Another are lighted and that is all there is of it. A child can

How the housewife will rejoice in her osol heater, in her osol cooking range, in her osol sad-irons! No black, messy coal to be carried from the cellar. kerosene to be smeared about her clothes and furniture. paid each month. No odoriferous It is, indeed, a great step in advance in the comfort and well-being of No exorbitant gas bills to be our Nation-this introduction of denatured alcohol into the economies of our daily life. In the cooking range the cleanliness of osol and its convenience are peculiarly gratifying; but no less so than in the sad-irons on ironing day. frons, and there is no frequent changing of irons because they grow cold. The osol is burned inside the iron is always ready for duty. The time of the ironer is saved; she has no worry over her irons. An osol-fed

The osol heaters and ranges have been found to be of peculiar value to hospitals and the sick room. No noise attends the care of them, and no gases or other unpleasant odors emanate from them, while their heat-glow is more comforting than from other fuels. The light shed by an osol-fed lamp is soft, brilliant and white, and burns with a flame of great steadiness. sunlight. It is as good for the eyes as sunlight, too. It is like sunlight. fed lamp your eyes will last longer and stay young longer than with any other kind of Indeed. it possesses the properties of light. If you work or read by an osolFor the last twenty years, prohibitive duty on denatured alcohol, people in Europe and other countries had been while the United States enjoying its benefits. Government deem herself very ill-used were she forced to do without denatured alcohol in the conIn Germany, the land of good housekeeping, the housekeeper would was keeping a duct of her home. the really high-grade gas that the German city authorities insist upon. She prefers the brilliant, incandescent light of denatured alcohol to Now, for the first time, osol has been put on the general market in the United States. It can be had at any grocer's or hardware dealer's. osol there is certain to be a great rush to get it. of it. The heating and lighting trusts have taken care that as little information as as the public learns of possible shall be circulated concerning it. As yet the public really knows little a realizing sense that a great, new fuel was at hand to the people and began printing It was only when newspaper editors awoke to articles lauding its cheapness, cleanliness, safety, abundance and perfection that its merits have become known at all. Just as electricity is supplanting steam apparently, destined to supplant coal, gas and kerosene oil as fuel for heating and lighting. our railroads, so is denatured alcohol. Denatured alcohol has another virtue besides those of heating and lighting. splendid cleanser. kinds of grease, paints, etc., etc.. it is invaluable. For cleaning household utensils, windows or clothing, for removing all It is a cleaning compounds on the market. It is the basis of most of the patent

on

As soon

Osol, or denatured alcohol, is now on sale practically everywhere in the United States in any desired quantity.

Every dealer in osol carries a complete line of heating and lighting utilities, such as heaters, stoves, ranges, lamps, sad-irons, etc., etc. Utilities Company. No. 156 West Twenty-third Street, New York, who will gladly furnish. gratis, any information regarding denatured alcohol and its uses, These are supplied by the Alcohol catalogues giving in detail the articles manufactured for utilizing this grand new fuel. or send circulars and

827

By Edward S. Beach. Attorney and Counsellor at Law, 60 Wall Street, New York, Specialist in Patent, Trade-Mark and Corporation Cases.

For THE WORLD ALMANAC AND ENCYCLOPEDIA.

Mr. Justice Bradley, of the United States Supreme Court, said: "The design of the patent laws is to reward those who make some substantial discovery or invention which adds to our knowledge and makes a step in advance in the useful arts. Such inventors are worthy of all favor. It is never the object of those laws to grant a monopoly for every trifling device, every shadow of a shade of an idea which would naturally and spontaneously occur to any skilled mechanic or operator in the ordinary progress of manufactures."

The greatest "vice of the patent laws," frequently complained of, is not in the laws themselves, but in neglect of inventors to secure sound professional advice in the preparation and prosecution of their patent applications.

Patents are contracts between (1) the Government, (2) the patentee, and (3) the public; and patent specifications are among the most difficult contracts that trained lawyers are called on to prepare.

The real value of a patent lies in its force as a contract capable of being enforced by the courts, and the claims of a patent are its vitals. Everything, however well illustrated and described, but which is not claimed in a patent, is abandoned to the public-except when properly reserved for the subject-matter of another patent; and to draw legally proper patent claims demands the hardest labor of experienced patent lawyers. A patent without at least one sufficient claim for the invention is like a house with a foundation of sand.

Inventors and patent investors should consider the following:

1. Don't apply for a patent on an invention which does not fill or is not likely to fill some real want, or for an invention for which no actual market exists or can be probably created.

2. Don't invest (as a general rule) in a patent unless its claims cover the actual invention; nor unless the invention can be made and sold at a profit without infringing other patents; nor unless the claims of the patent are broad enough to cover the invention and also substantial imitations of it.

3. Don't make too many claims. They are a sign of weakness, and inducements to litigation. The courts do not favor such patents. One sufficient claim is stronger than forty uncertain claims.

4. Don't take out foreign patents unless sure that they can be worked or disposed of when obtained. In deciding this question, consult consular reports, exporters and other authorities. 5. Don't make doubtful claims in foreign patents. In some foreign countries invalidity of one claim invalidates the patent.

6. Don't think that patents will run alone. However important the invention, adequate capital and sound business judgment and energy are essential.

7. Don't fail to mark patented inventions with the word "Patented," and also with the date of the patent.

8. Don't keep inventions secret. Disclose them to trustworthy persons, who can be called as witnesses in case an "interference" is declared in the Patent Office between your application for your invention and the applications of rival inventors.

Remember that the Patent Office has nothing to do with questions of infringement, but deals exclusively with Patentability and Interferences. The Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction of Infringement-i. e., the unauthorized manufacture, use or sale of a patented invention.

Remember that (1) patents, (2) trade-marks, (3) prints and labels for articles of manufacture, and (4) copyrights, are distinct things.

Patents are granted for 17 years, for machines, articles of manufacture, compositions of matter and processes.

Design patents are granted for 3% or 7 or 14 years, for ornamental designs for articles of manufacture.

Prints and labels for articles of manufacture are registrable in the Patent Office, under the Copyright Law.

Copyrights are obtainable from the Copyright Office in the Library of Congress, and relate only to literary or artistic subject-matter.

Trade-marks consist of arbitrary, non-descriptive, non-geographical words (or symbols), and, unlike patents, are not based on invention.

Registration of a trade-mark is not essential to its protection. Trade-mark rights are secured by mere adoption and actual use of lawful trade-marks on articles of merchandise, and are lost by non-use. Trade-marks are registrable in most of the States of the United States, and also in the United States Patent Office when used in interstate or foreign commerce. Trade-marks should never be adopted without careful consideration of their substantial legality and of the question of their essential novelty on the classes of goods to which they are appropriated. Registration of trade-marks in the Patent Office is frequently of doubtful advisability, often leading to otherwise avoidable litigation.

GOVERNMENT FEES.

On filing application for 17-year patent, $15. After allowance, a final fee of $20.
Total

On filing 3-year Design application, one fee.

On filing 7-year Design application, one fee.

On filing 14-year Design application, one fee.

On filing Trade-Mark application in United States Patent Office.

On filing Print or Label application in United States Patent Office.

On filing Copyright application in Copyright Office by United States citizen.

$35.00

10.00

15.00

30.00

10.00

6.00

.50

On filing Copyright application in Copyright Office by a foreigner....

1.00

The fees for filing Trade-Mark applications in the various States vary from $1 to $10.

U. S. Volunteer Life-Saving Corps.

(Incorporated and Organized in most of the States.)

Officers-James R. Howe, President; Ernest H. Luebbers, Jr., Secretary; K. F. Mehrtens, Assistant Secretary; Wm. P. Jackson, Treasurer; George A. Thormann, General Superintendent, 63-65 Park Row, New York.

The United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps has 2,000 patroled stations and 22,000 enrolled members, all expert swimmers, yachtsmen and boatmen, with about 6,000 boats, from dories to expensive sail, steam, naphtha and gasolene launches. It has twenty life boats of its own in Greater New York, three in New York State, one in Connecticut, one thirty foot launch, two row boats and two canoes in Rhode Island, four dories in Massachusetts.

The corps is well organized in New York State, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland, District of Columbia and Pennsylvania, with minor organizations throughout the other States as far west as California. It has saved 7,002 lives, has been giving free instructions in swimming in both male and female departments of all the Public Free Baths of Greater New York, and has built five life-saving stations throughout the Greater City.

The corps furnishes its various crews, free of charge, according to the funds available for the various districts and departments, ring life preservers, metallic life preservers, ice balls, medicine chests, flags, signs, charts and boats, and builds life-saving stations at the most dangerous points. It is supported wholly by voluntary contributions with the exception of the Departments of Greater New York, Yonkers and Rhode Island, which are aided by appropriations from the cities and States, respectively.

The Department of Greater New York is particularly well organized, and is divided into sixteen commodores' and forty-eight vice-commodores' districts, containing 640 patroled stations, with 7,000 members and 1,200 boats devoted to its life-saving work.

LIFE-SAVING STATIONS IN CREATER NEW YORK. Officers in command of the Greater New York Districts are as follows:

BOROUGH OF THE BRONX.

District No. 1-Fort Morris to Fort Schuyler on the Sound. Acting Commodore, Vice-Commodore Charles Stall, 85 Russell Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

District No. 2-Fort Schuyler to City Line. Commodore Aug. G. Miller, Tremont Avenue and Theriot Street, Bronx.

District No. 3-All the Harlem River from Port Morris to Spuyten Duyvil, then to Mount St. Vincent or City Line on the Hudson. Vice-Commodore E. Harry Seixas, 7 Lincoln Street, Westchester; Vice-Commodore Chas. Garland, White House, Harlem River.

BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN.

District No. 4-Spuyten Duyvil on Manhattan Island to 100th Street on the Hudson, Commodore Edw. A. Trede, 4322 Broadway, Manhattan.

District No. 5-100th Street on Hudson, south to Barge Office, including Governor's Island, Ellis Island and Bedloe's Island. Commodore James A. Lee, Elis Island Hospital; Vice-Commodore Robert P. Parrott, care Columbia Yacht Club, foot West 86th Street, Manhattau,

District No. 6-Barge Office to 100th Street, East River. Acting Vice-Commodore J. Dempsey, 12 Stone Street, Manhattan; Vice-Commodore Henry Mason, 318 East 9th Street, Manhattan; Vice-Commodore Emanuel Hirsh, 1912 Third Avenue, Manhattan.

District No. 7-100th Street, East River through the Harlem River to Spuyten Duyvil on the Hudson River. Vice-Commodore Geo. Schmidt, 2920 8th Avenue, Manhattan; Vice-Commodore Fred Nobis, Dyckman Street and Speed way, Manhattan.

BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN.

District No. 8-Broad Channel Station on trestle, Jamaica Bay, following the line of trestle (West side) (Hammels excepted) to Ramblersville, then around the Bay, including all the rest of the Bay, Old Mill, Canarsie, Bergen Beach, Plum Island, Barren Island, Breakwater, etc. Commodo re John G. Torborg, 1043 Liberty Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

District No. 9-Coney Island in its entirety. Vice-Commodore Jas. Brennan, foot West 32d Street, Coney Island,

District No. 10-End of Emmons Avenue and Knapp Street, on mainland side of Sheepshead Bay to 39th Street Ferry. Commodore Charles Huson, 16 Bay 23d Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. District No. 12-Newtown Creek, up East River through Hell Gate to City Lâne, including Little Neck Bay. Cominodore J. M. Finch, 137 Main Street, Astoria, L. I.

BOROUGH OF QUEENS.

District No. 13-Jamaica Bay, east side of trestle to City Line, Rockaway shore excepted. Under direct supervision of Headquarters,

District No. 14-The Rockaways, from Hammels on the trestle, along shore Jamaica Bay side to Rockaway Point, around Point, along Oceau side to point opposite Hammels on trestle, Commodore William Matty, Kieley Avenue, Rockaway.

District No. 15-Both shores of Rockaway, east from Hammels to Far Rockaway or City Line, including Arverne, Edgemere, etc. Vice-Commodore W. W. Minnis, 36 Kane Avenue, Hammels, Rockaway.

BOROUGH OF RICHMOND,

District No. 16-Staten Island in its entirety. Commodore John R. Ford, Port Richmond, Staten Island.

829

Soldiers' Homes.

NATIONAL HOME FOR DISABLED VOLUNTEER SOLDIERS.

President of the Board of Managers... Maj. James W. Wadsworth, 346 Broadway, New York City, N.Y. Secretary.... .......Col. W. P. Brownlow, Jonesboro, Tenn.

There are branches of the National Home at Dayton, O.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Togus, Me.; Hampton, Va.; Leavenworth, Kan.; Santa Monica, Cal.; Marion, Ind., Danville, Ill., Johnson City, Tenn., and Hot Springs, S. Dak. The aggregate number of members cared for is about 30,000.

REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION,

1. An honorable discharge from the United States service during a war in which it was engaged. 2. Disability which prevents the applicant from earning his living by labor,

3. Applicants for admission will be required to stipulate and agree to abide by all the rules and regulations made by the Board of Managers, or by its order; to perform all duties required of them, and to obey all the lawful orders of the officers of the Home, Attention is called to the fact that by the law establishing the Home the members are made subject to the Rules and Articles of War, and will be governed thereby in the same manner as if they were in the Army of the United States.

4. A soldier or sailor must forward with his application for admission his Discharge Paper, and when he is a pensioner, his Pension Certificate, and if he has been a member of a State Home, he must be honorably discharged from that Home six months, before his application will be considered; which papers will be retained at the branch to which the applicant is admitted, to be kept there for him, and returned to him when he is discharged. This rule is adopted to prevent the loss of such papers and certificates, and to hinder fraudulent practices; and no application will be considered unless these papers are sent with it. If the original discharge does not exist, a copy of discharge, certified by the War or Navy Department, or by the Adjutant-General of the State, must accompany the application. There are State Homes for disabled volunteer soldiers provided by the States of California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Islaud, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. STATE HOMES FOR DISABLED VOLUNTEER SOLDIERS.

UNITED STATES HOME FOR REGULAR ARMY SOLDIERS.

The United States Soldiers' Home in the District of Columbia receives and maintains discharged soldiers of the regular army. All soldiers who have served twenty years as enlisted men in the army (including volunteer service, if any), and all soldiers of less than twenty years' service who have incurred such disability, by wounds, disease, or injuries in the line of duty while in the regular army, as unfits them for further service, are entitled to the benefits of the Home,

A pensioner who enters the Home may assign his pension, or any part of it, to his child, wife, or parent, by filing written notice with the agent who pays him. If not so assigned, it is drawn by the treasurer of the Home and held in trust for the pensioner, to whom it is paid in such sums as the commissioners deem proper while he is an inmate of the Home, the balance being paid in full when he takes his discharge and leaves the Home.

Inmates are subject to the Rules and Articles of War, the same as soldiers in the army. They are comfortably lodged, fed, and clothed, and receive medical attendance and medicine, all without cost to them. There are 1,250 men now receiving the benefits of the Home.

Applications for admission to the Home may be addressed to the Board of Commissioners, Soldiers' Home, War Department, Washington City, D. C.," and must give date of enlistment and date of discharge, with letter of company and number of regiment for each and every term of service, and rate of pension, if any, and must be accompanied by a medical certificate showing nature and degree of disability if any exists.

National Cemeteries.

NATIONAL Cemeteries in which the soldiers of the Civil and Spanish Wars are interred are located at the following places:

Alexandria, La.; Alexandria, Va.; Andersonville, Ga.; Annapolis, Md.; Antietam, Md. ; Arlington, Va.; Balls Bluff, Va.; Barrancas, Fla.; Baton Rouge, La.; Battle-Ground, D. C.; Beaufort, S. C.; Beverly, N. J.; Brownsville, Tex. Camp Butler, Ill.; Camp Nelson, Ky.; Cave Hill, Ky.; Chalmette, La; Chattanooga, Tenn.; City Point, Va.; Cold Harbor, Va.; Corinth, Miss.; Crown Hill, Ind.; Culpepper, Va.; Custer Battlefield, Mont.: Cypress Hills, N. Y.; Danville, Ky.; Danville, Va. Fayetteville, Ark.; Finns Point, N. J.; Florence, S. C. Fort Donelson, Tenn. Fort Gibson, Ind. T.; Fort Harrison, Va.; Fort Leavenworth, Kan.; Fort McPherson, Neb.; Fort Scott, Kan.: Fort Smith, Ark.; Fredericksburg, Va.; Gettysburg, Pa.; Glendale, Va.; Grafton, W. Va.; Hampton, Va.; Jefferson Barracks, Mo.; Jefferson City, Mo. Keokuk, Ia: Knoxville, Tenn.; Lebanon, Ky.; Lexington, Ky. Little Rock, Ark.; Loudon Park, Md,; Marietta, Ga.; Memphis, Tenn.; Mexico City, Mex.; Mill Springs, Ky.; Mobile, Ala.: Mound City, Ill.; Nashville, Tenn.; Natchez, Miss.: New Albany, Ind.; New Berne, N. C.; Philadelphia, Pa.: Poplar Grove, Va.; Port Hudson, La.; Quincey, Ill.; Raleigh, N. C.; Richmond, Va.; Rock Island, Ill.; St. Augustine, Fla.; Salisbury, N. C.; San Antonio, Tex.; San Francisco, Cal.; Santa Fé, N. M.; Seven Pines, Va,; Shiloh, Tenn.; Soldiers' Home, D. C.; Springfield, Mo.; Staunton, Va.; Stone River, Tenn.; Vicksburg, Miss.; Wilmington, N. C.; Winchester, Va.; Woodlawn, N. Y.; Yorktown, Va.