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fiderable Army came over, confifting of Roman Legions, and other Auxiliaries; Hiftorians do not mention particularly either their Number or Names; but confidering the great progrefs these made, they must have been fuperior in Number to Cæfar's largest Army, which did fo little. Mr. Horley probably enough conjectures them to have confifted of four Legions, with their proper Auxiliaries, and the ufual Number of Horfe belonging to each, which would amount to upwards of fifty thousand Men. The Number and Names of the Legions, as collected from fome incidental Paffages of Tacitus, appear to have been the fecond, call'd Augufta: the ninth, the fourteenth, and the twentieth, ufually call'd Valens Victrix; all which appear at least to have been here in the Reign of Nero, as being all mention'd by Tacitus, in his relation of the Battle with Q. Boadicea. The ninth Legion, he fays, was furpriz'd and deftroy'd by the Queen. The fourteenth, and the Vexillarii of the twentieth were in the Engagement; and the fecond was abfent from the Fight,thro' the fault of Poe nius Posthumus, their Commander, who afterwards ftabb'd himself for having depriv'd them of their share in the Glory. Laftly, under Hadrian, a new Legion was fent over, viz. the fixth, call'd Victrix.

The Author proceeds to give a particular History of each of thefe Legions, during their p.83. ftay in Britain; the feveral Places where they were ftationed, and the Works, &c. they were employ'd in, till the time of their being recall'd. From the whole it appears, that for twenty-five Years after the firft Invafion of Claudius, there were four Legions in Britain; that under Nero, the fourteenth Legion was recall'd, and again

finally

P.86.

Britain.

finally under Vefpafian: that from the first Year of Vefpafian to Hadrian's Reign, there were but three Legions here, and one of them, the ninth, very much weaken'd; and from Hadrian's time to the lowest Empire, notwithstanding a new Legion fent over, there ftill feem to have been but three, the ninth having been wholly broken, or the Remains of it join'd' to that brought over by Hadrian; a Conjecture which Mr. Horley fupports in a beautiful manner by two Infcriptions in his own Collection. Some have imagin'd other Legions befides the abovementioned, viz. the Legio Secunda Adjutrix; Legio Quinta Germanorum, and Legio Decima. Mr. Horsley fhows the Infufficiency of the Proof alledg'd for each.

Befide the Legions,there were in Britain, AuxThe Auxiliary Forces, which were fuch as ferved in the Hiaries in Roman Camp, but were not Citizens of Rome. The feveral Legions had each their Auxilia annex'd, and model'd according to the Form of the Legionary Forces. Thefe Auxiliary Cohorts first came over in the Armdment of Claudius. Hiftorians give us no light as to the Names or Numbers of most of them. Mr. Horley fupplies thisdefect by a very nice laborious Induction from Infcriptions, &c. The refult of which is, that there were probably thirty of these auxiliary Cohorts; a particular account of each whereof, he entertains us withal. T

Ala, p. 92.

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For the Ale, or Auxiliary Horfe, which likewife occur in Infcriptions, we find eight of thefe which had their Refidence in Britain. Mr. Horley gives a particular account of each, and fhews how they were probably accommodated to the thirty Cohorts of Foot.

An

An Ala of Horfe was ufually divided into ten Turme, as a Legion of Foot was into ten Cohorts; but in fome Infcriptions, as well as P.94. in Roman Writers, we meet with Coborts of Horfe*. Mr. Horley gives us fome account of each of thefe Equestrian Cohorts, mention'd in the Infcriptions of Britain.

Milites.

There occur alfo military Bodies under other P.95. Names, as Milites, which feem to denote Foot, in oppofition to Equites, or Horfe; alfo Exploratores, Vigiles, and Numerus, which do not appear to have expreffed any determinate Number

of Men. And laftly, Vexillarii, and Vexilla-Vexillarii. tiones, whofe Condition and Office has been much P.96. contefted. Mr. Horfley gives us a particular In quiry on this Head; and fhews, with great Probability, that the Vexillarii were a felect Number of the choiceft and readieft Men in the Legion, answering to the Grenadiers in our Forces; which were often detach'd on special occafions, fometimes to a great distance from their refpec. tive Legions, even from Britain to Italy.

For the Security of their Province against the p. 98. Incurfions of the Pits, the Romans erected three Pratenfeveral Fences, or Prætenturæ, which make thetura. Subject of the four laft Chapters of the Book. The first was a Series of Forts or Stations, placed across the Country, from the Place call'd Goufins's-Houfe, near Newcastle, to Boulness, and denominated Stations per lineam valli, by the Noper lineam titia, and in modern English are call'd Chefters. valli.

These appear to have been prior to the Walls, and to have been built by Jul. Agricola, in the third Year of his Legation t: it being certain at

*Cohortes Equitum or Equeftres. Plin. Ep.1, 10.107,108,
+ Tacit. Vit. Agric. c. 22.
No. XVII. 1732.
VOL. III.

Li

leaft,

Stations

leaft, that this General the next Year erected a like Series of Forts cross the Country inScotland, and that Antoninus afterwards built his Wall along the fame Tract: Whence it does not feem improbable, that the fame might have been done here,and that Hadrian firft, and afterwards Severus, carried their Walls along the Series of Stations, which they found ready raised to their hands.

Thefe Stations per lineam valli have long embarrafs'd the Antiquaries, nor have yet been fatiffactorily decided. Mr. Horfley takes them to have been much the fame with what Vegetius calls Caftella, and others Caftra, which are defcribed as a fort of Fortreffes, in manner of "Towns, frequently built in the Borders of the "Empire, where conftant guard was kept against "the Enemy *" The Stations are, in fact, Strong-holds, ufually of no great extent, within which were Houfes or Barracks for lodging the Soldiers; in which they feem to have kept their ufual Winter-quarters; and where they alfo kept garrifon, even in time of Peace. Their Figure is ordinarily a Square or regular Oblong; and adjoining to them were other Buildings, which form'd a fort of Town, to which the Station ferved in the nature of a Cittadel. At fome distance were also exploratory Forts,and Camps for the Summer.

The Author enters into a great detail, to fettle the antient Names and Places of each of these Stations; by comparing them with the Lift of Stations per Lineam valli, given in the Notitia Imperii. His Succefs in this Enquiry will doubtlefs meet with great applaufe; it being notorious that Cambden, and all others fince him, have here labour'd in vain. We owe to Mr. Horley

Veget. I. 1. c. 22. p. 101.

the

the Discovery of the Harmony between the Numbers and Order of thefe Stations in the Notitia, and those which appear in fact to have been upon the Wall: and his Scheme is confirm'd in fo many of its parts by numerous Infcriptions, that it muft be owned he has fucceeded beyond expectation in this much defired Search.

The famous Wall, which croffes the north of p. 116. England, beginning about three Miles Eaftward Picts Wall. of Newcastle, and extending ten Miles Weftward of Carlisle, is known by different Names; being call'd by ancient Writers Vallum, Barbaricum Vallum, Clafura, Prætentura, SiaTaxioμa,

ua, and Muruss by the English the Pitts Wall, and by the Britons Gal Sever, and Mur Sever. This in reality contains two Walls, a Turf, and a Stone one; the former of which bears the Name of Hadrian, the latter that of Severus.

Hadrian's Vallum, which makes the fecond Hadrian Fence or Roman Prætentura, was doubtlefs the Wall. Work of that Prince, who, according to Spartian, vifited the whole Empire, built much drew a Wall quite cross Britain, fourfcore Miles long, to feparate the Romans from the Barbarians. It confifts of divers Works, viz. a prin- Works be cipal Agger or Vallum, a Ditch on the north longing to fide of the Vallum, another Agger on theit. fouth fide of the Vallum, a large Agger on the north fide of the Ditch, which latter feems to have served for a military Way, as the former probably did for an inner Defence, in cafe the Soldiers were beat from any part of the principal Vallum.

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The north Agger of Hadrian's Work was a great difficulty in our Antiquaries way, till L12

Mr.

Spartian in Vit. Hadrian

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