Vergennes and order of Congress, 329, 330; disclaims credit, 330; jus- tification of his behavior, 330; his tenderness toward the soldiers, 331; jealousy of Congress toward him, 332; warns Congress of danger of further neglect of army, 333, 334; takes control of mutinous move- ment, 335; his address to the sol- diers, 336; its effect, 336; move- ment among soldiers to make him dictator, 337; replies to revolution- ary proposals, 337; reality of the danger, 339; causes for his beha- vior, 340, 341; a friend of strong government, but devoid of personal ambition, 342; chafes under delay to disband army, 343; tries to secure Western posts, 343; makes a journey through New York, 343; gives Congress excellent but futile advice, 344; issues circular letter to governors, 344; and farewell ad- dress to army, 345; enters New York after departure of British, 345; his farewell to his officers, 345; adjusts his accounts, 346; ap- pears before Congress, 347; French account of his action, 347; makes speech resigning commission, 348, 349.
In Retirement. Returns to Mt. Vernon, ii. 1; tries to resume old life, 2; gives up hunting, 2; pur- sued by lion-hunters and artists, 3; overwhelmed with correspond- ence, 3; receives letters from Eu- rope, 4; from cranks, 4; from off- cers, 4; his share in Society of Cincinnati, 4; manages his estate, 5; visits Western lands, 5; family cares, 5, 6; continues to have in- terest in public affairs, 6; advises Congress regarding peace establish- ment, 6; urges acquisition of West- ern posts, 7; his broad national views, 7; alone in realizing future greatness of country, 7, 8; appre- ciates importance of the West, 8; urges development of inland navi- gation, 9; asks Jefferson's aid, 9, 10; lays canal scheme before Vir- ginia legislature, 10; his arguments,
10; troubled by offer of stock, 11; uses it to endow two schools, 12; significance of his scheme, 12, 13; his political purposes in binding West to East, 13; willing to leave Mississippi closed for this purpose, 14, 15, 16; feels need of firmer union during Revolution, 17; his arguments, 18, 19; his influence starts movement for reform, 20; continues to urge it during retire- ment, 21; foresees disasters of con- federation, 21; urges impost scheme, 22; condemns action of States, 22, 23, 25; favors commercial agree- ment between Maryland and Vir- ginia, 23; stung by contempt of foreign powers, 24; his arguments for a national government, 24; points out designs of England, 25; works against paper money craze in States, 26; his opinion of Shays's rebellion, 26; his position con- trasted with Jefferson's, 27; influ- ence of his letters, 28, 29; shrinks from participating in Federal con- vention, 29; elected unanimously, 30; refuses to go to a feeble con- vention, 30, 31; finally makes up his mind, 31.
In the Federal Convention. Speech attributed to Washington by Morris on duties of delegates, 31, 32; chosen to preside, 33; takes no part in debate, 34; his influence in convention, 34, 35; despairs of success, 35; signs the Constitution, 36; words attributed to him, 36; silent as to his thoughts, 36, 37; sees clearly danger of failure to ratify, 37; tries at first to act in- differently, 38; begins to work for ratification, 38; writes letters to various people, 38, 39; circulates copies of "Federalist," 40; saves ratification in Virginia, 40; urges election of Federalists to Congress, 41; receives general request to ac- cept presidency, 41; his objections, 41, 42; dreads failure and respon- sibility, 42; elected, 42; his jour- ney to New York, 42-46; speech at Alexandria, 43; popular reception
at all points, 44, 45; his feelings, 46; his inauguration, 46.
President. His speech to Con- gress, 48; urges no specific policy, 48, 49; his solemn feelings, 49; his sober view of necessities of situa- tion, 50; question of his title, 52; arranges to communicate with Sen- ate by writing, 52, 53; discusses social etiquette, 53; takes middle ground, 54; wisdom of his action, 55; criticisms by Democrats, 55, 56; accused of monarchical lean- ings, 56, 57; familiarizes himself with work already accomplished under Confederation, 58; his busi- ness habits, 58; refuses special privi- leges to French minister, 59, 60; skill of his reply, 60, 61; solicited for office, 61; his views on appoint- ment, 62; favors friends of Consti- tution and old soldiers, 62; success of his appointments, 63; selects a cabinet, 64; his regard for Knox, 65; for Morris, 66; his skill in choosing, 66; his appreciation of Hamilton, 67; his grounds for choosing Jeffer- son, 68; his contrast with Jeffer- son, 69; his choice a mistake in policy, 70; his partisan character- istics, 70, 71; excludes anti-Fede- ralists, 71; nominates justices of Supreme Court, 72; their party character, 73; illness, 73; visits the Eastern States, 73; his reasons, 74; stirs popular enthusiasm, 74, snubbed by Hancock in Massachu- setts, 75; accepts Hancock's apo- logy, 75; importance of his action, 76; success of journey, 76; opens Congress, 78, 79; his speech and its recommendations, 81; how far car- ried out, 81-83; national character of the speech, 83; his fitness to deal with Indians, 87; his policy, 88; appoints commission to treat with Creeks, 90; ascribes its failure to Spanish intrigue, 90; succeeds by a personal interview in mak- ing treaty, 91; wisdom of his pol- icy, 92; orders an expedition against Western Indians, 93; angered at its failure, 94; and at conduct of fron-
tiersmen, 94; prepares St. Clair's expedition, 95; warns against am- bush, 95; hopes for decisive results, 97; learns of St. Clair's defeat, 97; his self-control, 97; his outburst of anger against St. Clair, 97, 98; masters his feelings, 98; treats St. Clair kindly, 99; determines on a second campaign, 100; selects Wayne and other officers, 100; tries to secure peace with tribes, 101; efforts prevented by English influ- ence, 101, 102; and in South by conduct of Georgia, 103; general results of his Indian policy, 104; popular misunderstandings and crit- icism, 104, 105; favors assumption of state debts by the government, 107, 108; satisfied with bargain be- tween Hamilton and Jefferson, 108; his respectful attitude toward Con- stitution, 109; asks opinions of cabi- net on constitutionality of bank, 110; signs bill creating it, 110; rea- sons for his decision, 111; sup- ports Hamilton's financial policy, 112; supports Hamilton's views on protection, 115, 116; appreciates evil economic condition of Virginia, 116, 117; sees necessity for self- sufficient industries in war time, 117; urges protection, 118, 119, 120; his purpose to build up na- tional feeling, 121; approves na- tional excise tax, 122, 123; does not realize unpopularity of method, 123; ready to modify but insists on obedience, 124, 125; issues procla- mation against rioters, 125; since Pennsylvania frontier continues re- bellious, issues second proclamation threatening to use force, 127; calls out the militia, 127; his advice to leaders and troops, 128; importance of Washington's firmness, 129; his good judgment and patience, 130; decides success of the central au- thority, 130; early advocacy of separation of United States from European politics, 133; studies situ- ation, 134, 135; sees importance of binding West with Eastern States, 135; sees necessity of good relations
with England, 137; authorizes Morris to sound England as to exchange of ministers and a commercial treaty, 137; not disturbed by British bad manners, 138; succeeds in estab- lishing diplomatic relations, 138; early foresees danger of excess in French Revolution, 139, 140; states a policy of strict neutrality, 140, 142, 143; difficulties of his situa tion, 142; objects to action of Na- tional Assembly on tobacco and oil, 144; denies reported request by United States that England medi- ate with Indians, 145; announces neutrality in case of a European war, 146; instructs cabinet to pre- pare a neutrality proclamation, 147; importance of this step not understood at time, 148, 149; fore- sees coming difficulties, 149, 150; acts cautiously toward émigrés, 151; contrast with Genet, 152; greets him coldly, 152; orders steps taken to prevent violations of neutrality, 153, 154; retires to Mt. Vernon for rest, 154; on re- turning finds Jefferson has al- lowed Little Sarah to escape, 156; writes a sharp note to Jefferson, 156; anger at escape, 157; takes matters out of Jefferson's hands, 157; determines on asking recall of Genet, 158; revokes exequatur of Duplaine, French consul, 159; in- sulted by Genet, 159, 160; refuses to deny Jay's card, 160; upheld by popular feeling, 160; his annoyance at the episode, 160; obliged to teach American people self-respect, 162, 163; deals with troubles in- cited by Genet in the West, 162, 163; sympathizes with frontiers- men, 163; comprehends value of Mississippi, 164, 165; sends a com- mission to Madrid to negotiate about free navigation, 166; later sends Thomas Pinckney, 166; despairs of success, 166; apparent conflict be- tween French treaties and neutral- ity, 169, 170; value of Washing- ton's policy to England, 171; in spite of England's attitude, intends
to keep peace, 177; wishes to send Hamilton as envoy, 177; after his refusal appoints Jay, 177; fears that England intends war, 178; de- termines to be prepared, 178; urges upon Jay the absolute necessity of England's giving up Western posts, 179; dissatisfied with Jay treaty but willing to sign it, 184; in doubt as to meaning of conditional ratifi- cation, 184; protests against Eng lish "provision order" and refuses signature, 185; meets uproar against treaty alone, 188; determines to sign, 189; answers resolutions of Boston town meeting, 190; refuses to abandon his judgment to popular outcry, 190; distinguishes tempo- rary from permanent feeling, 191; fears effect of excitement upon French government, 192; his view of dangers of situation, 193, 194; recalled to Philadelphia by cabinet, 195; receives intercepted corre- spondence of Fauchet, 195, 196; his course of action already determined, 197, 198; not influenced by the Fauchet letter, 198; evidence of this, 199, 200; reasons for ratifying before showing letter to Randolph, 199, 200; signs treaty, 201; evidence that he did not sacrifice Randolph, 201, 202; fairness of his action, 203; refuses to reply to Randolph's attack, 204; reasons for signing treaty, 205; justified in course of time, 206; refuses on constitutional grounds the call of representatives for documents, 208; insists on in- dependence of treaty-making by executive and Senate, 209; over- comes hostile majority in House, 210; wishes Madison to succeed Morris at Paris, 211; appoints Mon- roe, 216; his mistake in not ap- pointing a political supporter, 212; disgusted at Monroe's behavior, 213, 214; recalls Monroe and ap- points C. C. Pinckney, 214; an- gered at French policy, 214; his contempt for Monroe's self-justifi- cation, 215, 216; review of foreign policy, 216-219; his guiding princi
ple national independence, 216; and abstention from European politics, 217; desires peace and time for growth, 217, 218; wishes develop- ment of the West, 218, 219; wis- dom of his policy, 219; considers parties dangerous, 220; but chooses cabinet from Federalists, 220; pre- pared to undergo criticism, 221; willingness to bear it, 221; desires to learn public feeling, by travels, 221, 222; feels that body of people will support national government, 222; sees and deplores sectional feelings in the South, 222, 223; ob- jects to utterances of newspapers, 223; attacked by "National Ga- zette," 227; receives attacks on Hamilton from Jefferson and his friends, 228, 229; sends charges to Hamilton, 229; made anxious by signs of party division, 229; urges both Hamilton and Jefferson to cease quarrel, 230, 231; dreads an open division in cabinet, 232; de- sirous to rule without party, 233; accomplishes feat of keeping both secretaries in cabinet, 233; keeps confidence in Hamilton, 234; urged by all parties to accept presidency again, 235; willing to be reëlected, 235; pleased at unanimous vote, 235; his early immunity from at- tacks, 237; later attacked by Fre- neau and Bache, 238; regards op- position as dangerous to country, 239; asserts his intention to disre- gard them, 240; his success in Genet affair, 241; disgusted at "democratic "societies, 242; thinks they fomented Whiskey Rebellion, 242; denounces them to Congress, 243; effect of his remarks, 244; accused of tyranny after Jay treaty, 244; of embezzlement, 245; of aristocracy, 245; realizes that he must compose cabinet of sym- pathizers, 246; reconstructs it, 246; states determination to govern by party, 247; slighted by House, 247; refuses a third term, 248; publishes Farewell Address, 248; his justifi- cation for so doing, 248; his wise
advice, 249; address attacked by Democrats, 250, 251; assailed in Congress by Giles, 251; resents charge of being a British sympa- thizer, 252; his scrupulously fair conduct toward France, 253; his resentment at English policy, 254; his retirement celebrated by the opposition, 255; remarks of the "Aurora," 256; forged letters of British circulated, 257; he repudi- ates them, 257; his view of opposi- tion, 259.
In Retirement. Regards Adams's administration as continuation of his own, 259; understands Jeffer- son's attitude, 259; wishes generals of provisional army to be Fede- ralist, 260; doubts fidelity of oppo- sition as soldiers, 260; dreads their poisoning mind of army, 261; his condemnation of Democrats, 261, 262; snubs Dr. Logan for assum- ing an unofficial mission to France, 263-265; alarmed at Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, 266; urges Henry to oppose Virginia resolu- tions, 267; condemns the French party as unpatriotic, 267; refuses request to stand again for presi- dency, 269; comments on partisan- ship of Democrats, 269; believes that he would be no better candi- date than any other Federalist, 270, 271; error of statement that Wash- ington was not a party man, 271, 272; slow to relinquish non-parti- san position, 272; not the man to shrink from declaring his position, 273; becomes a member of Feder- alist party, 273, 274; eager for end of term of office, 275; his farewell dinner, 275; at Adams's inaugura- tion, 276; popular enthusiasm at Philadelphia, 276; at Baltimore, 277; returns to Mt. Vernon, 279; describes his farm life, 278, 279; burdened by necessities of hospital- ity, 280; account of his meeting with Bernard, 281-283; continued interest in politics, 284; accepts command of provisional army, 285; selects Hamilton, Pinckney, and
Knox as major-generals, 286; sur- prised at Adams's objection to Hamilton, 286; rebukes Adams for altering order of rank of generals, 286, 287; not influenced by in- trigue, 287; annoyed by Adams's conduct, 288; tries to soothe Knox's irritation, 289; fails to pacify him, 289; carries out organization of army, 290; does not expect actual war, 291; disapproves of Gerry's conduct, 292; disapproves of Ad- ams's nomination of Vans Murray, 292; his dread of French Revolu tion, 295; distrusts Adams's at tempts at peace, 296; approves Alien and Sedition laws, 296; his defense of them, 297; distressed by dissensions among Federalists, 298; predicts their defeat, 298; his sud- den illness, 299-302; death, 303. Character, 304-395; misunder- stood, 304; extravagantly praised, 304; disliked on account of being called faultless, 305; bitterly at- tacked in lifetime, 306; sneered at by Jefferson, 306; by Pickering, 307; called an Englishman, not an Ameri- can, 307, 308; difference of his type from that of Lincoln, 310; none the less American, 311, 312; compared with Hampden, 312; his manners those of the times elsewhere in America, 314; aristocratic, but of a non-English type, 314-316; less affected by Southern limitations than his neighbors, 316; early dis- like of New England changed to respect, 316, 317; friendly with people of humble origin, 317, 318; never an enemy of democracy, 318; but opposes French excesses, 318; his self-directed and Amer- ican training, 319, 320; early con- ception of a nation, 321; works toward national government dur- ing Revolution, 321; his interest in Western expansion, 321, 322; na- tional character of his Indian pol- icy, 322; of his desire to secure free Mississippi navigation, 322; of his opposition to war as a danger to Union, 323; his anger at accusa-
tion of foreign subservience, 323; continually asserts necessity for independent American policy, 324, 325; opposes foreign educational influences, 325, 326; favors founda- tion of a national university, 326; breadth and strength of his national feeling, 327; absence of boastful- ness about country, 328; faith in it, 328; charge that he was merely a figure-head, 329; its injustice, 330; charged with commonplaceness of intellect, 330; incident of the death- bed explained, 330, 331; falsity of the charge, 331; inability of mere moral qualities to achieve what he did, 331; charged with dullness and coldness, 332; his seriousness, 333; responsibility from early youth, 333; his habits of keen observation, 333; power of judging men, 334; abil- ity to use them for what they were worth, 335; anecdote of advice to Hamilton and Meade, 335; deceived only by Arnold, 336; imperfect education, 337; continual efforts to improve it, 337, 338; modest re- garding his literary ability, 339, 340; interested in education, 339; character of his writing, 340; tastes in reading, 341; modest but effect- ive in conversation, 342; his manner and interest described by Bernard, 343-347; attractiveness of the pic- ture, 347, 348; his pleasure in soci- ety, 348; power of paying compli- ments, letter to Mrs. Stockton, 349; to Charles Thompson, 350; to De Chastellux, 351; his warmth of heart, 352; extreme exactness in pecuniary matters, 352; illustrative anecdotes, 353, 354; favorable opin- ion of teller of anecdotes, 356; stern towards dishonesty or cow- ardice, 357; treatment of André and Asgill, 357, 358; sensitive to human suffering, 357, 358; kind and courteous to poor, 359; conversa- tion with Cleaveland, 359; sense of dignity in public office, 360; hospi- tality at Mt. Vernon, 360, 361; his intimate friendships, 361, 362; rela- tions with Hamilton, Knox, Mason,
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