tus, 80; senatorial maladministra-
tion, 82; provincial improvements
under the Cæsars, 83; reforming
schemes of Julius Cæsar, 84;
policy of Augustus, 85; Cæsari-
anism considered as a remedy for
society, ib.; survey of the Empire
under Augustus, ib.; want of bal-
ances to central power, 87; impe-
rialism under Domitian and Trajan
compared, 88; panegyric of Pliny,
89; unity desired as a remedy for
anarchy in the provinces, 90; ex-
tension of franchise to foreign
subjects, ib.; Cæsarian improve-
ments in the provinces, ib.; anxi-
ety of provincials to become Ro-
man citizens, 91, 92; system of
Augustus the only one available
for the time, 93; external gran-
deur of his rule, ib.; building
achievements of Nerva's succes-
sors, 94; Hadrian's visits to the
provinces, 95; dark side of impe-
rialism, 96; cost of material pro-
sperity, ib.; power of prætors and
proconsuls, 97; jealousy at Rome
of the provincials, 99; the Empire
protected by want of combination
among its subjects, ib.; limits of
religious toleration, ib. 100; Plu-
tarch's views of Cæsarianism and
official life, 101; general features
of Cæsarianism, ib. 102
Roman Law, considered as a basis of
general jurisprudence, cxviii. 445 ;
Mr. Austin's estimate of, as such,
446; systematising genius of Ro-
man jurists, ib.; secondary value
of their arrangement, 447, origin
of the Jus Gentium, 459; divisions
of the Corpus Juris, 470; the
jus rerum and personarum, 471;
primary division of Rights, 472;
on quasi-contracts, 473; on rights
arising from offences, ib.; limited
conception of delicts, 478; con-
fused notions of Jurists between
Titulus and Modus Acquirendi, 479

Roman poets, high social position of,
in the Augustan age, cxxxiii, 536;
their obligations to the Greeks,
540

Romans (ancient), their generalisa-
tion of the Deity, cxii. 392; their
theory of foreign conquest, 397

their character contrasted
with the Greeks, cxv. 446; theory
of their purely Latin origin, 448 ;
their commercial enterprise, 451;
their greatness ascribed to their
system of law, 452; fall of the
Decemvirate, 454; their scheme of
conquest limited to Italy, 456;
character of Roman Imperialism,

busts and statues of, cxxiv.
351, 353; collectors of autographs,
354; their writing paper and
ciphers, ib.; habit of scribbling
on monuments, 355; book-trade at
Rome, ib.; scribes and copyists,
ib.; earliest extant specimens of
writing, 356. See Manuscripts

their attachment to law and
custom, cxxix. 97, 98
Romance Languages, rise of, cxv.
78; their connexion with Latin,
85

Sir G. C. Lewis on, cxviii.
152, 160
Romanesque architecture, its intro-
duction into Spain, cxxii. 172, 175
Romanovski (General), his defeat of
the King of Bokhara, cxxv. 40
Rome (Ancient), literary relations
with Greece, cxv. 73

129

chronology of, exvi. 91; cxxv.

Rome (Ancient), character of the Fla-
vian era, cxix. 28; critical position of
Vespasian at his accession, 30; de-
cay of Cæsarianism, 32; reform of
the Senate, 35; practical character
of Roman education, 37; declining
attractions of military service, 38;
republican spirit of philosophy in,
40; importance attached to public
works, 41; cosmopolitan charac-
ter of its literature under the
Empire, 44; the Antonine pesti-
lence, 57; signs of national dege-
neracy under Aurelius, 59

Decemviral government at,
cxxxii. 174

history and topography of,
by Mr. Burn, cxxxv. 293; the
city in A.D. 357, ib.; visit of Con-
stantine, 295; the ancient Roma
quadrata,' 299; history of the
Palatine Hill, ib., 302; mansions of
the early magnates, 303; Impe-
rial quarter under Augustus, 306;
and his successors, 307; classical
allusions to localities, ib. note;
Caligula's palace, 308; 'Golden
House' of Nero, 310; direction of
the fire, 311; destruction of tem-
ples, 312; the 'Domus aurea' de-
scribed, 313; the Flavian Amphi-
theatre, 314; Baths of Titus, ib.;
works of Domitian, 315; and of
later Emperors, ib., 316; promi-
nent interest of the Palatine, 317;
prospects of archæological re-
search, 318; site of the modern
city, 319; company for dredging
the Tiber, 320; Cloaca of the
Tarquins, ib.; illusory expectations
of treasure-trove, 321

allusion to, in the Apoca-
lypse, cxl. 492; social corruption
of, under the Emperors, 502

its municipal liberties sup-
pressed by the Papacy, cxii.
122; the Campagna of, 128

note

objections to, as the capital

A A

of Italy, cxiii. 276; the choice
determined by sentiment, 280
Rome (Ancient), Passion-Week
music at, cxv. 139

architectural defects of St.
Peter's, cxviii. 84; early inter-
course of Saxons with, 241

Scotch Jesuit College at,

cxix. 192

the catacombs of, cxx. 217;
discovery of, in 1578, ib.; explo-
rations by Bosio, 218; Christian
inscriptions in, 219; dated epi-
taphs in, 230; small proportion of
Greek on epitaphs, 232; Jewish
catacomb discovered, 243

considered by Napoleon III.
the natural metropolis of Italy,
cxxiv. 419

French occupation of, in

1808, cxxviii. 485

literary decadence of, after
Boniface VIII., cxxxvi. 117, 122
Murray's handbook of,

cxxxviii. 500

different types of female
beauty at, cxl. 180

Rome (Church of), theory of Greek
predominance in, examined, cxx.
232, 233

its censorship of science and
literature, cxxx. 322, 323; ques-
tion of membership, 327; its rela-
tions to the State, 329

relations of, with the State
since the Reformation, cxxxix.
360, 362; recent aggressiveness
of, ib.; proper attitude of the
State, 363; relations with Prussia
before 1848, ib., 366; effects of
Austrian defeat on, 367
Rome (Republican), supremacy of
the Senate, cxv. 455; political
degeneracy, 461; growth of mili-
tary despotism, ib.

its supposed effeteness at the
time of Cæsar, cxxiv. 406, 407;
servile spirit of the nation, 408;
social features of, compared with

the Stuart Monarchy, ib.; short-
comings of the aristocratical party,
413; characters of their leaders,
414
Rome (Mediæval), work of Mr.
Gregorovius on, exviii. 342; his-
torical gap supplied by his re-
searches, 343; its fortunes allied
with the Papacy, ib. ; architectural
improvements of Emperors after
Trajan, 344; the Basilica of Con-
stantine, ib.; visit of Constantius
to, ib.; closing of heathen temples,
345; entry of Honorius, ib.; de-
struction of Pagan monuments, ib. ;
captured by Alaric, 346; agencies
of destruction compared, ib.; cul-
pability of the Goths, 347; dis-
persion of the city nobles, 348;
final overthrow of paganism, ib.;
attempted restoration of the city,
ib.; completely sacked by the
Vandals under Genseric, ib.;
gradual process of demolition,
349; third capture of, by Ricimer,
350; prosperity under Theodoric,
ib.; the games of the Circus re-
vived by him, ib.; ancient build-
ings repaired, ib.; ravages of
Totila, 351, 352; attempted re-
storation by Belisarius, ib.; aque-
ducts destroyed by the Goths,
353; recovered by Narses, ib.;
degradation under Gregory the
Great, ib.; the plague, 354; com-
mencement of its Papal history,
ib.; growth of ecclesiastical archi-
tecture, 355; consecration of the
Pantheon, 356; conversion of an-
cient materials to construction of
churches, ib.; the Basilica of St.
Lorenzo, 357; manufacture of
lime, ib.; plundering by Con-
stans II. and Urban VIII., 358
and note; resort of pilgrims to,
359; visit of a pilgrim from
Einsiedeln, ib.; the Forum, ib.,
360; Temples of Venus and

Sacred Way, ib.; buildings on the
Palatine, ib.; state of the Capitol,
ib.; Forum of Trajan, 362; aspect
of the Campus Martius to the
Einsiedeln pilgrim in the ninth
century, 363; destructive effects
of reconstruction of the modern
city, ib.; rise of monasteries in,
364; effects of Papal power, b. ;
civil contentions, 365; desolation
of the Campagna by the Saracens,
ib.; their plunder of basilicas
outside the walls, 366; precincts
fortified by Leo IV., b.; the
'Leonine City,' 367; Castle of St.
Angelo, ib.; the Papal Quarter,
ib.; malaria in the Campagna,
369; besieged by Henry IV., 370;
captured and burnt by Guiscard,
ib., 371; his injuries to the city
never repaired, ib.; accumulation of
ruin, ib.; subsequent ravages by
city factions, 372; fortified towers
of the nobles, ib.; the towers de-
destroyed by Brancaleone, 373;
altered aspect of the city after
1084, 374; improvements by
Sixtus IV., ib.; revolution of the
twelfth century, 375; later want
of progress, 376; poverty of the
city due to indolence, ib.; degene-
racy of the populace in the middle
ages, 377

Romilly (Sir Samuel, 1757-1818),
his character by Lord Kingsdown,
cxxix. 48

Mr. Landor's panegyric on,

CXXX. 230

Roncali, Diet of (1158), cxxxiii. 461
Ropes, collections of, used at execu-
tions, cxxiv. 361

Rosa (M.), his theory of the topo-
graphy of Rome, cxxxv. 299
Roscoe (Professor H. E.), on the
opalescence of the atmosphere,
CXxx. 146

his Lectures on Spectrum
Analysis, cxxxi. 56
Rose (Right Hon. George, 1744–

1818), Diaries and Correspondence
of, cxii. 34 sqq.; defectively edited,
ib. ; his alienation from Lord
Shelburne, 35; Secretary of the
Treasury to Pitt, 36; Fall of the
Addington Ministry, 44; advises
Pitt against resuming office, 45;
his private conversations with the
King, 46; character of Pitt, 51;
Ministerial revolution on his
death, 52; refuses Chancellorship
of the Exchequer, 56; favourable
estimate of, from his works, 57
Rosen (Baron), his conspiracy in
1825, cxxxii. 366; his imprison-
ment, 371; and sentence, 372;
journey to Siberia, 374; joined in
exile by his wife, 377; removal to
Kurgan, 378; his accident, 379;
attached to the army, 381; his
retirement, ib.; his interesting
memoirs, ib.

Rosen (Dr.), his translation of the
Rig-Veda, cxii. 363

Rosmini (Antonio, d. 1855), his
religious character, cxiv. 237; his
views of Roman Catholic reform,
238-244; condemned of unor-
thodoxy, 245; his final acquittal,
246; his Institute of Charity,
247

Rostak, outrage by the Wahabees at,
CXXV. 11

Ross (Alexander, d. 1654), his
Пavo éẞela, cxxxix. 419 note; lines
in 'Hudibras' on, 420
Ross (Sir James), his Antarctic ex-
plorations, exii. 311

his observations of deep-sea
temperature, cxxxv. 452

his Polar voyage in 1818,
cxxxvi. 409; discovery of the
Magnetic Pole, 410; his Antarctic
Expedition of 1839, 414
Ross (Mr. A. M.), conception of the

Victoria Bridge due to, cxiii. 76
Ross (Ludwig, d. 1859), his Scotch
origin and connexions, cxviii.

247

Rossi (Joannes Bapt. de), his 'In-
scriptiones Christianæ Urbis
Romæ,' cxx. 217; its high merits,
219; his early authorities, 221-
224; originality of his work,
225; his chronological method of
arrangement, 226, 227; on the
monogram ascribed to Constan-
tine, 228; his hypothesis of its
earlier date criticised, 229; his
tests for determining undated in-
scriptions, 230

Rossini (Gioacchino, 1792-1868),
Weber's contempt of his works,
cxxii. 407

Life of, by Mr. Edwards,
cxxxiii. 33; contrasted with Ber-
lioz, 34; want of a proper biog-
rapher, ib.; claims of ancestry,
35; musical studies, ib.; his prize
Cantata, 36; Italian operas, ib.;
jealousy of rival composers, 37;
personal attractions, ib.; his two
marriages, 38; traits of his cha-
racter, ib. ; sympathy with brother-
musicians, 39; progress of his
works, 41; question of originality,
42; appointment at the Grand
Opéra of Paris, ib.; withdraws
from the theatre, 43

Rous (Admiral), his views on handi-
capping criticised, cxx. 118 and
note; denies the alleged deterio-
ration of English horses, 124

Roy (General), his military surveys

in the Highlands, cxviii. 380,
381; his extended system of tri-
angulation, 382

Royal Academy. See Academy,
Royal

Royal Institution, the, its promotion
of science, cxxxv. 321; history of,
by Dr. Bence Jones, ib.; scheme
of Count Rumford, 329; first
meeting of the proprietors, 330;
president and officials, ib.; popu-
larity of early lectures, 335; per-
fect structure of the theatre, ib. ;
standing Committee to revise
lectures, 336; original subscribers
and receipts, ib.; Dr. Garnett, ib.;

Rumford's first Report, ib.; finan.
cial difficulties, 337; new era un-
der Young and Davy, ib.; new
library formed, 338; eminent lec-
turers, 339; dangers of fashion-
able popularity, ib.; complaints of
Sir J. Banks, ib. ; success of Davy's
lectures, 340, 341; lecture seasons,
342; Friday lectures, ib.; juvenile
lectures at Christmas, ib.; Dalton,
339, 342; recipients of the Rum-
ford medal, 343; present prospe-
rity of, 344; valuable services of
Sir H. Holland, 345, 346. See
Davy, Sir Humphry

Royal Society, Committee of, on
meteorology, exxiv. 61. See
Meteorology

Royle (Dr.), recommends the intro-

duction of Chinchona into India,
cxviii. 513; his efforts cut short
by death, 514. See Markham,
Clements

Rubempré, his scheme for kidnapping
the Count of Charolais, cxix.
542
Rubens (Sir Peter Paul, 1577-1640),
his associations with Antwerp,
cxvii. 117; antecedents of his
family, 118; his birthplace, 120;
his first masters, 123; visits Italy,
124; his personal appearance and
habits, 125; character of his ge-
nius, 126; inequality in his pic-
tures of women, 128; rapidity of
his work, ib.; origin of his Des-
cent from the Cross,' 129; his
paintings for Mary of Medicis,
131; death of his wife, 133; his
diplomatic correspondence with
the English Court, ib.; his nego-
tiations for the Infanta, 137; de-
spatched to Madrid, 138; his mis-
sion to England, 139; his dis-
tinguished reception by Charles L.,
141; invested with knighthood,
ib.; his second marriage, 142;
his peace negotiations renewed,
ib.; his last paintings, 143; his