to contain neither dust nor sand, nor grains of any size less that that described above. I scatter this gravel in any quantity not exceeding four pounds avoirdupois to the square yard. This operation I repeat often enough to keep the surface constantly rough. This repetition, combined with the use of grains of a proper size, alone produces the whole effect desired, without the accumulation of mud or dust, which always accompanies the use of gravel as it has hitherto been employed for this purpose.

The second part of my invention consists in forming bars, ribs, or projections on that part of the underside of horse-shoes which is between the toe and the caulk, for the purpose of preventing horses from slipping.

Fig. 1, in the accompanying drawing represents the under side of a horse shoe constructed in this manner; and,

Fig. 2, is a side view of the same. a, a, a, a, are the bars, ribs, or projections formed on the under part of the shoe, and b, b, b, are three ribs which form the toe of the shoe. I do not intend to confine myself to the precise arrangement herein shown, as it may be varied without departing from the nature of my invention.

Having now described my invention, and the manner of carrying it into effect, I claim,

Firstly, the method herein described of using boards for a foundation of wood pavement, also the use of blocks of the forms described, together with the modes described of strengthening the whole by means of hard grains of gravel and nails of iron or pins of wood; and further, the method described of roughening the surface continually by gravel or broken stone.

Secondly, I claim the improved method herein shown of constructing the shoes of horses and other animals, whereby they are prevented from slipping, as above described. In witness whereof, &c.

Enrolled August 25, 1842.

OSBORNE REYNOLDS.

341

Specification of the Patent granted to MARK FREEMAN, of Sutton Common, in the County of Surrey, Gentleman, for Improvements in the Construction of Inkstands.Sealed March 21, 1842.

WITH AN ENGRAVING.

To all to whom these presents shall come, &c., &c.— In order that my invention may be fully understood and readily carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the drawings hereunto annexed.

Description of the Drawings.

Fig. 1, represents a front view of an inkstand constructed according to the first part of my invention. Fig. 2, shows a plan thereof.

Fig. 3, represents a side view.

Fig. 4, is a side section thereof, the cover of the dippingcup being closed.

Fig. 5, shows a similar side section, the cover of the dipping-cup being raised, and the ink has thereby been caused to flow into the dipping-cup by pressing down the float.

Figs. 6 and 7, show separate views of the cover of the dipping-cup and of the float. In each of these figures the same letters indicate similar parts. a, a', is the inkstand, consisting of two chambers opening into each other at b, and ink is supplied at the opening, c, which opening has an air-tight cover screwed thereon. d, is the dipping-cup, which opens into the chamber or compartment, a', of the inkstand, there being a hole at e, for the passage of ink from the compartment, a', into the dippingcup; or the dipping-cup may communicate with the other chamber by a tube descending nearly to the bottom. f, is a cover fitting into the upper part of the compartment, a', of the inkstand. g, is the cover of the dipping-cup, which moves on a hinge joint, as is shown; and there is

a projecting finger, g', to the cover of the dipping-cup, which passes into the compartment, a', of the inkstand, and is the means of depressing the float, h, which is placed in the compartment, a', as is shown, and moves freely therein. This float I make of cork, and coat it with coachmakers' japan-varnish, or sealing-wax. The float may, however, be made of other materials. At the upper part of the float a rack is formed by means of a series of pins, as is shown at i, between which the finger, g', enters, when the cover, g, of the dipping-cup is being opened, and the float is thereby depressed, and a quantity of ink will be displaced, and will rise up the groove, j, formed in the float, and such ink will pass into the dipping-cup.

It will readily be understood, that when the cover, g1, of the dipping-cup is again closed, the float will be released, and it will rise to the surface of the ink, the ink in the dipping-cup flowing back into the compartment, a'. As the vessel, a, a', becomes empty, the float will descend low down, and the finger will act on the upper pins of the float. In order that more ink may flow into the compartment, a', out of the compartment, a, it will be necessary to unscrew the cover of the opening, c, which will cause the ink in both compartments to be on the same level, and when the cover of the opening, c, is again screwed down, the ink cannot return into the compartment, a, when the float is caused to descend, as above described, by opening the cover of the dipping-cup. I would remark, that I do not confine myself to the shape of the inkstand shown, so long as it is arranged as above described.

I will now describe the second part of my invention. Fig. 8, shows a side view of an inkstand constructed according to this part of my invention.

Fig. 9, shows a plan thereof.

Fig. 10, shows a side section, the dipping-cup being empty.

Fig. 11, shows another side section, the dipping-cup being supplied for use; and,

Fig. 12, shows a plunger in plan and side view separately. This inkstand, like that above described, is composed of two compartments, opening into each other by means of an opening, b. Ink is supplied to the compartment, a, through the hole, c, into which the tube of the dipping-cup, d, is screwed, as is shown, or the dipping-cup may communicate with the compartment, a', and the opening, c, have an air-tight cover. f, is a cover fitting the upper part of the compartment, a', of the inkstand. This inkstand acts in a similar manner to that above described; but in place of using a float, h, there is a plunger used, which is worked up and down by a screw, as is shown, the plunger, h, being prevented turning in the compartment, a', by means of a stud or projection which enters the groove formed in the plunger, as is shown. In raising ink into the dipping-cup, the plunger is caused to descend; and when the plunger is again. raised, the ink remaining in the dipping-cup will return into the compartment, a, of the inkstand. In order that more ink may flow into the compartment, a', and out of the compartment, a, it will be necessary to unscrew the dipping-cup or cover of the opening, c, which will cause the ink in both compartments to be in the same level; and when the dipping-cup or cover of the opening, c, is again screwed down, the ink cannot return into the compartment, a, when the plunger is caused to descend. I would remark, that this inkstand may be varied in its shape, so long as the peculiar arrangement of parts be retained, whereby a compartment, a', with a plunger therein, is combined with and opens into another compartment, a, having a suitable dipping-cup applied thereto, such dipping-cup being supplied with ink by the displacement caused by the plunger, as described.

I will now describe the third part of my invention, which differs somewhat from the previous arrangements,

inasmuch as in the before described inkstands there is air required to be admitted into the compartment, a, from time to time, as the ink contained in the compartment, a', becomes used up, but according to the present arrangement air will flow into the compartment, a, from the compartment, a', as the ink becomes used up. In this part of my invention the inkstand is composed of two compartments opening into each other at the opening, b, the lower end of the float or plunger used being capable of descending below the opening, b, as will be seen in the two sections, figures 13, and 14, one section figure 13, showing the float or plunger at its highest position, and the other section showing the plunger at its lowest position, the ink into which the pen is to be dipped being above the plunger, and in figs. 13*, and 14*, there is a variation, inasmuch as there is a dipping-cup used, but the plunger acts in the same manner by descending below the opening, b, the other parts of figs. 13*, and 14*, being similar to the inkstand first described. In the inkstands shown at figures 13, 14, and 13,* and 14*, it will be found that as the ink becomes used up and will not fill the space below the opening, b, fresh ink will flow from the compartment, a, into the compartment, a', and air will pass through the opening, b, the parts being so arranged in respect to each other that the compartment, a', will be supplied in a like manner to the action of the bird-glass or fountain, so soon as the ink in the compartment, a', is used up to such an extent as not to come above the opening, b, air will flow into the compartment, a, and ink will flow from the compartment, a, into the compartment, a', till the ink again stands above the opening, b. It will, therefore, be evident that the whole of the ink in the compartment, ɑ, may be brought into the dipping-place or cup by the simple action of the plunger or float without requiring any opening of the compartment, a, by hand, as is necessary in the former inkstands. The plunger or float in the