the whitish remnants of young scales, as frequently seen in the European fruit scale before the insects are disturbed by abrasion of any kind. The young scales of this species may be almost white or pinkish, as shown in figures 1-4, their edges are sharply defined, the dot and ring are present, but there is rarely the oval, white nipple surrounded by a grayish, specked scale almost continuous with the bark, as in the European fruit scale; neither are the young as dark, nor as flattened as are those of the pernicious scale. The half-grown young have the appearance represented in figure 5. The adult female scales, which are about inch in diameter, are shown natural size in a mass in figure 6 and more enlarged in figure 7, which latter also represents a rather characteristic shape of this scale when it occurs in masses. Figure 9 illustrates a female scale as it may develop when comparatively isolated. A rather irregular male scale is represented in figure 8. The adult female and the active young are shown very much enlarged in figures 10 and 11.

Life history. This insect, like the preceding, passes the winter in a partly grown, though usually more mature, condition. There is but a single generation. The studies of Mr Putnam, in Iowa, show that the males appear there the latter part of April, and that the female deposits from 30 to 40 eggs in the late spring or early summer. The crawling young of this species may be seen during most of July, in the latitude of Albany, indicating that the hatching of the eggs extends over a considerable period. Prof. Johnson states that this species may cause a purplish tinge in green tissue, but it is not so marked as with the San José scale. I have not observed this discoloration in New York state.

Food plants. This species has been recorded on a number of plants. Prof. Comstock has found it on ash, beech, bladdernut, hackberry, linden, maple, oak, Osage orange, peach, and water locust. Dr Lintner has received it on apple and red currant on the latter it is sometimes very abundant, and he has also seen it on olive, evidently from a greenhouse at Jamaica (L. I.) It has also been recorded on cherry, plum, elm and willow. Prof. Johnson attributes the killing of an English oak in Illinois to this scale insect. It has been received from this state by Dr Howard on pin oak and hemlock. It also occurs on mountain ash, pear, nectarine, Ilex verticillata, Ilex laevigata, white birch, Prunus, American elm and on hawthorn in West Virginia.

Distribution. This insect has been recorded from the following states, Kansas, Iowa, Michigan, and New York, and from Washington. (D. C.) R. A. Cooley found it to be one of the most common species in

Massachusetts, which is also true of it in this state. That it is one of our commonest species of Aspidiotus on fruit trees is shown by its being the most numerous of those found by Dr Reh on fruit imported into Germany from America (see Bibliography). It has been received from the following localities, a portion of which were kindly communicated by Dr Howard: Palmyra, Wayne co., Brighton, Monroe co., Medina, Orleans co., Geneva and Stanley, Ontario co., Waterloo, Seneca co., Ithaca, Tompkins co., Benton, Yates co., Germantown, Columbia co., Ellenville, Ulster co., Glen Cove, Nassau co., Blauvelt, Rockland co., Flushing, Far Rockaway and Jamaica, Queens co., and Brooklyn. It occurs commonly about Albany.

Natural enemies. A minute chalcid parasite, Coccophagus varicornis How., was reared from this species by Prof. Comstock.

Remedies. This insect can be checked, when necessary, by spraying with the insecticides and in the manner recommended for the San José scale.

Bibliography

Putnam, J. D. Ia. state hortic. soc. Trans. 1877. 1878. 12: 321 (original description, as Dias pis); Davenport acad. of natural sciences. Proc. 1877. 2: 346-47 (notes on life history, synonymy).

Comstock, J. H. U. S. dep't agric. Rep't of ent. 1880. 1881. p. 292-93 (synonymy, description); Cornell univ. expt. sta. dep't ent. 2d rep't. 2d rep't. 1883. p. 58-59 (synonymy, food plants).

Packard, A. S. U. S. ent. com. 5th rep't. 1890. p. 482, 520, 553-54 (on linden, beech and ash; Comstock's description quoted).

Lintner, J. A. Bad scale on currant bushes. Gardening. May 15, 1895. 3: 263 (on currant); Injurious and other insects of New York. 11th rep't, 1895. 1896. p. 213, 271, 275, 287 (mention, on apple and red currant).

Lugger, Otto. Minn. state expt. sta. Ist rep't ent. 1895. 1896. p. 129-30 (on elm).

Cockerell, T. D. A. N. M. agric. expt. sta. Bul. 19. 1896. p. 104, 106, 107 (mention, on apricot and plum); The San José scale and its nearest allies. U. S. dep't agric. div. ent. Technical ser. 1897. no. 6. p. 5, 7, 8, 9, 17, 20 (technical characters, affinities).

Johnson, W. G. Notes on new and old scale insects. U. S. dep't agric. div. ent. Bul. 6, n. s. 1896. p. 76 (on English oak); Notes on the external character of the San José scale, cherry scale and Putnam's scale. Can. ent. 1898. 30: 82-83 (superficial characters).

Gillette, C. P. A few insect enemies of the orchard. Col. agric. expt. sta. Bul. 38. 1897. p. 36-37 (brief notice); Colorado's worst insect pests and their remedies. Bul. 47. 1898. p. 15

(mention).

Lowe, V. H. N. Y. agric. expt. sta. Bul. 136. 1897. P. 593 15th rep't, 1896. 1897. P. 533 (brief

(mention, food plants); notice).

Aldrich, J. M. Bul. 15. 1898. p.

Forbes, S. A.

Report of the dep't of ent. Id. agric. expt. sta. 175-76 (brief notice).

Noxious and beneficial insects of Illinois. 20th rep't of state ent. 1895-96. 1898. p. 15, 16, 17 (economic importance, characteristics).

U. S. dep't

Cooley, R. A. Notes on some Massachusetts Coccidae. agric. div. ent. Bul. 17, n. s. 1898. p. 64 (common in Massachusetts). Felt, E. P. Injurious and other insects of the state of New York. 14th rep't. N. Y. state mus. Bul. 23. 1898. v. 5. p. 261 (localities and food plants noted during the year); 15th rep't, 1899.

Bul. 31. 1900. v. 6. p. 579 (mention), p. 617 (localities and food plants noted during the year); Illustrated descriptive catalogue of some of the more important injurious and beneficial insects of New York Bul. 37. 1900. v. 8. p. 13 (characteristics, remedies). Mich. agric. expt. sta. Bul. 160. 1898. P. 414

state.

Pettit, R. H. (brief notice).

Hunter, S. J.

Coccidae of Kansas. Kan. univ. quarterly. Jan. 1899. 8:4 (critical notes, food plants).

King, G. B. Contributions to the knowledge of Massachusetts Coccidae. Can. ent. 1899. 31: 226 (distribution in state, food plants). Marlatt, C. L. Aspidiotus convexus, Comst. A correction. Can. ent. 1899. 31: 209-11 (A. convexus, a synonym in part).

Newell, Wilmon. On the North American species of the subgenera. Diaspidiotus and Hemiberlesia, of the genus Aspidiotus. Ia. state coll. of agric. and mechanic arts. Contributions from the dep't of zoology and entomology. 1899. no. 3, p. 7-10 (description of species and varieties); some injurious scale insects. Ia. agric. coll. expt. sta. Bul. 43. 1899. p. 160-62 (brief technical account).

Parrott, P. J. Some scales of the orchard. Kan. hortic. soc. Trans. 1898. 1899. p. 108 (brief notice).

Lochhead, William. San José and other scale insects. Ont. dep't agric. Toronto. 1900. p. 37-38 (typical form not in Ontario, brief notice).

Reh, L. Scale insects on American fruit imported into Germany [English abstracts] U. S. dep't agric. div. ent. Bul. 22, n. s. 1900.

p. 79, 80 (common on fruit, but immature).

Cherry scale insect

Aspidiotus forbesi Johnson

PLATE 6

This species is the rarest in New York state of those noticed in detail in this bulletin. It has been known to science but five years, having been described by Prof. W. G. Johnson in 1896.

Previous history. Prof. Johnson characterized this species as the most dangerous scale insect then established in Illinois. It was first discovered on Morello cherry, and later he found that it was generally distributed over the state. It also occurred on wild cherry, and, on account of its apparent partiality for that tree, the above common name was proposed. Prof. Johnson states that it was not uncommon in 1896 to find seven and eight year old cherry trees literally covered with the pest, and that a number were killed by it. Prof. Forbes, state entomologist of Illinois, writing of this and allied species in 1898, states that "they are of no extraordinary interest to the fruit growers, none of them being either as abundant or as destructive when present as the commonest of the native orchard scales, the so called scurfy scale of the apple, Chio na spis furfura". It will probably prove no more injurious in this state than in Illinois.

Description. This scale insect is closely allied to the three preceding forms. Its rarity in the state has prevented a thorough study of its external characteristics. A mass of the adult scales, so far as observed by me, is much lighter in color than that of either of the two preceding species and usually lighter than a similar mass of San José scale, because the latter is almost sure to include a number of the dark gray or nearly black young. The general appearance of an infested twig is shown in figure 6, and a group from this is enlarged in figure 7. The adult female scales are rather flat, yellowish gray, and about with a reddish, eccentric larval skin or exuviae. appearance is well shown in figure 7 and in greater detail in figure 8,

inch in diameter and The color and general

The form and

which represents the scale of a fully developed female. orange red exuviae of the male scales are illustrated in figure 9. The varying appearance of the young is shown in figures 3, 4 and 5.

Life history. This species, as determined by Prof. Johnson, winters partly grown in Illinois, the males appearing about the middle of April and the young beginning to emerge early in May, eggs and young being found as late as June 20. This insect, in the latitude of Springfield (Ill.) produces two generations annually, the males of the second brood appearing from July 10 to August 1, and the young of this generation from the first week in August till late in September.

Distribution. Prof. Johnson states that this insect is common in Illinois and neighboring states. It is apparently very rare in New York state, having been received from Manchester, Cornwall and Kinderhook and by Dr Howard from Geneva. So far as known, it has been found in but two localities in Massachusetts. Prof. Hunter records it from Kansas and New Mexico. It also occurs in Maryland, Georgia and West Virginia.

Natural enemies. The following seven parasites were reared by Prof. Johnson from this scale insect: Prospalta murtfeldti How., Prospalta aurantii How., Perrisopterus pulchellus How., Signiphora nigrita How. MS., Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Aur., Ablerus clisiocampa e Ashm., and a species belonging to the genus Encyrtus. He also observed whitish mites under the scales. The twice stabbed lady bug, Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls., in both adult and larval stages, feeds on this insect.

Food plants. This insect has been recorded on the following: apple, apricot, cherry, pear, plum, quince, currant and honey locust.

Remedies. Thorough spraying with insecticides, as recommended for the San José scale, should prove equally effective with this species.

Bibliography

Johnson, W. G. Descriptions of five new species of scale insects, with notes. Ill. state laboratory of natural hist. v. 4. art. 13. 1896. p. 380-83 (original description); Notes on new and old scale insects. U. S. dep't agric. div. ent. Bul. 6, n. s. 1896. p. 74-75 (notes on life history, food plants, habits and parasites); Preliminary notes on five new species of scale insects. Ent. news. 1896. 7: 151 (notes); Notes on some little known insects of economic importance. U. S. dep't agric.