281 Van Buren FRENCH MINISTERS AND AMBASSADORS TO THE UNITED STATES. GOVERNMENT. Representatives. Date. GOVERNMENT. Representatives. Date. Consulate.. Napoleon I... General Turreau. Louis XVI...Count de Moustier... 46 44 M. Otto, ch. d'aff. Colonel Ternant.. Edmond C. Genet. Pierre Auguste Adet. 1788 Napoleon III.. Count de Sartiges.. 1851 1789 1791 46 Viscount Jules Treilhard, ch. d'aff. 1859 1860 1793 66 Viscount Jules Treilhard, ch. d'aff.. 1863 Louis de Geofroy, ch. d'aff. 1864 Marquis de Montholon.. 1865 Jules Berthemy 1866 L. A. Pichon, ch. d'aff. Count de Faverney, ch. d'aff. 1869 M. Serurier.... Louis XVIII.. 46 1811 G. Hyde de Neuville. 1816 Count de Menou, ch. d'aff. 1822 Charles X.... Baron de Mareuil. 1824 44 46 Count de Menou, ch. d'aff. 1827 Roux de Rochelle 1830 L. Philippe. M. Serurier... 1831 44 44 46 66 Alphonse l'ageot, ch. d'aff. 1835 46 Edouard Pontois... Marquis de Noailles... Pr.MacMahon A. Bartholdi.. F. de Vaugelas, ch. d'aff. Theodore J. D. Roustan.. Pres. Grevy..J. Patenotre.. 1870 1870 1870 1871 1872 1874 1876 1877 1882 1891 1837 Pres. Carnot.. 1891 44 Alphonse Pageot, ch. d'aff. 1839 66 L. Napoleon.. Guillaume Tell Lavallee Poussin... L. Adolph Aime Fourier de Bacourt. 1893 1893 1842 Jules Cambon, ambassador. 1898 1848 Pres. Loubet.. 46 1898 1850 Jean J. Jusserand, ambassador.. 1902 CERMANY. UNITED STATES MINISTERS AND AMBASSADORS TO THE GERMAN EMPIRE. *Mr. Van Alen was confirmed by the Senate but declined, and Mr. MacVeagh was appointed. ITALIAN MINISTERS AND AMBASSADORS TO THE UNITED STATES. 1882 1885 Henry White, ambassador.. R. I. 1905 Pa. 1907 1889 Governors of New York. William Kieft..... Petrus Stuyvesant. Anthony Brockholles, 1626-1633 Col. Abraham De Peyster 1701 GOVERNORS. Adrian Joris.. 1623-1624 John Nanfan, Lt.-Gov...1699-1700 James De Lancey, Lt.Cornelius Jacobzen Mey. 1624-1625 Earl of Bellomont.. Gov... 55 William Verhulst........ 1625-1626 Col. William Smith.. Sir Charles Hardy...... 1755-1757 Peter Minuit James De Lancey, Lt.Gov. Wouter Van Twiller.. 1700-1701 1757-1760 1638-1647 John Nanfan, Lt.-Gov.. 1701-1702 Cadwallader Colden, 1873-1874 1843-1844 28 Samuel J. Tilden.. 1875-1876 1877-1880 1880-1882 1883-1884 1885-1891 1853-1854 33 Roswell P. Flower.. 1892-1894 1895-1896 1897-1898 Com.-in-Chief..... Com.-in-Chief.. 1 George Clinton... 2 John Jay 3 George Clinton.. 4 Morgan Lewis. 5 Daniel D. Tompkins.. 6 John Taylor.. 7 De Witt Clinton.... 8 Joseph C. Yates.... 9 De Witt Clinton..... 1688 Peter Schuyler, Pres.. 691 Rip Van Dam, President|1731-1732 1691-1692 George Clark, Lt. -Gov. (1736-174 William Tryon..... 1777-1795 14 William H. Seward... 1839-1842 27 John A.Dix.. 1817 19 Washington Hunt.. Mayors of the City of New York. BEFORE the Revolution the Mayor was appointed by the Governor of the Province; and from 1784 to 1820 by the Appointing Board of the State of New York, of which the Governor was the chief member. From 1820 to the amendment of the Charter, in 1830, the Mayor was appointed by the Common Council. In 1898 the term of the first Mayor of Greater New York (Van Wyck) began. Ensular Possessions of the United States. THE PHILIPPINES. THE Philippine group, lying off the southern coast of Asia, between longitude 120 and 130 and latitude 5 and 20 approximately, number about 2,000 islands, great and small, in a land and sea area of 1,200 miles of latitude and 2, 400 miles of longitude. The actual land area is about 140,000 miles. The six New England States, New York, and New Jersey have about an equivalent area. The island of Lazon, on which the capital city (Manila) is situated, is the largest member of the group, being about the size of the State of New York. Mindanao is nearly as large, but its population is very mach smaller. The latest estimates of areas of the largest islands are: Luzon, 44.400, Mindanao. 34,000; Samar, 4.800; Panay, 4.700; Mindoro, 4,000; Leyte, 3,800; Negros, 3,300; Cebu, 2.400. A census of the Philippines was taken by the United States Government in 1903 under the auspices of the Census Office. The population returned was 7,635,426. Of this number almost seven million are more or less civilized. The wild tribes form about 9 per cent. of the entire population. Racially the inhabitants are principally Malays. The civilized tribes are practically ail adherents of the Catholic Church, the religion being that introduced into the country by the Spaniards when they took possession of the islands in 1565. The Church has since then been a strong ruling power and the priesthood numerous. The Moros are Mohammedans and the other wild peoples have no recognized religious beliefs. The total number of non-Christian peoples is 647.740. The density of population in the Philippines is 67 per square mile. In Continental United States it is 26 per square mile, Foreigners number about 50,000, of whom nearly three-fourths are Chinese. Exclusive of the Army there are 8, 135 Americans in the islands, nearly one-half being located in the municipalities. There are thirty different races in the islands, all speaking distinct dialects, the largest tribe being the Visayans, who form nearly one-fourth of the entire civilized population. The Tagalogs, occupying the provinces in the vicinity of Manila, rank second in numbers, and the Tocanos the third. Education has been practically reorganized by the Americans. The number of persons attending school is 811,715. Six thousand teachers are employed, four-fifths of whom are Filipinos. English is very generally taught, and the next generation of Filipinos will probably speak that tongue. Pauperism is almost unknown in the islands. In 1902 there were only 1.668 paupers maintained at public charge. The average normal death rate in the Philippines is 32 per thousand. The birth rate is 45 per thousand. There were in 1902 41 newspapers published, 12 being in English, 24 in Spanish, 4 in native dialects, and 1 in Chinese. The estimated real estate property value is 469,527,058 pesos, and the personal property 152,718,661 pesos. The reported value of church buildings, mostly Catholic, is 41.698, 710 pesos. While there are four towns with more than 10,000 population Manila is the only incorporated city. Its inhabitants numbered 219,928 in 1902. The climate is one of the best in the tropies. The islands extend from 50 to 210 north latitude, and Manila is in 14° 35'. The thermometer during July and August rarely goes below 79° or above 85°. The extreme ranges in a year are said to be 610 and 970, and the annual mean 810. AGRICULTURE. Although agriculture is the chief occupation of the Filipinos, yet only one-ninth of the surface is under cultivation. The soil is very fertile, and even after deducting the mountainous areas it is probable that the area of cultivation can be very largely extended and that the islands can support population equal to that of Japan (42,000, 000). The chief products are hemip, rice, corn, sugar, tobacco, cocoanuts, and cacao, hemp being the most important commercial product and constituting two-thirds of the value of all exports. Coffee and cotton were formerly produced in large quantities-the former for export and the latter for home consumption; but the coffee plant has been almost exterminated by insects and the home-made cotton cloths have been driven out by the competition of those imported from England. The rice and corn are principally produced in Luzon and Mindoro and are consumed in the islands. The cacao is raised in the southern islands, the best quality of it at Mindanao. The sugar cane is raised in the Visayas, The hemp is produced in Southern Luzon, Mindoro, the Visayas, and Mindanao. It is nearly all exported in bales. Tobacco is raised in all the islands. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. In the year ending December 31, 1907, the exports of merchandise from the United States to the Philippines were $8,657,956, and the total imports from the Philippines for the same period were $11,510, 438. The imports of merchandise from foreign countries, year ending December 31, 1906, were $25,114.852, and the exports were $16,681,097. The principal foreign countries trading with the Philippines are Great Britain, French East Indies, China, and Spain. CIVIL GOVERNMENT FOR THE PHILIPPINES. On July 1, 1902. Congress passed (chapter 1369) *An act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil goverument in the Philippine Islands and for other purposes." Under this act complete civil government was established in the Archipelago and the office of Military Governor with military rule was terminated. William H. Taft was appointed Governor by the President. Governor Taft was succeeded by Luke E. Wright in December, 1903, by Henry Clay Ide in 1905, and James F. Smith, the present Governor, in 1906. The government was composed of a civil governor and seven commissioners, of whom four were Americans and three Filipinos. There were four executive departments-Interior Finance, and Justice, Commerce and Police, and Public Instruction. There are thirty-nine provinces, each with a governor, a supreme court with seven Judges, and fourteen judicial districts. In March, 1907, the President, in accordance with the act of Congress, directed the Commission to call a general election of delegates to a Philippine Assembly. The new Assembly was chosen July 20, and was opened October 16 by Secretary of War Taft. It is politically divided as follows: Nacionalists, 31; Progresistas, 16; Independents, 19; Immediatistas, 7; Independistas, 4; Nacional Independiente, 1; Catolico, 1. The total vote recorded at the election for delegates was 97,803, which is only 1.4 per cent of the population. PORTO RICO. The island of Porto Rico, over which the flag of the United States was raised in token of formal possession on October 18, 1898, is the most eastern of the Greater Antilles in the West Indies and is separated on the east from the Danish island of St. Thomas by a distance of about fifty miles, and from Hayti on the west by the Mona passage, seventy miles wide. Distances from San Juan, the capital, to Important points are as follows: New York, 1,411 miles; Charleston, S. C., 1,200 miles; Key West, Fla., 1.050 miles; Havana, 1,000 miles. The island is a parallelogram in general outline, 108 miles from the east to the west, and from 37 to 43 miles across, the area being about 3,600 square miles, or somewhat less than half that of the State of New Jersey (Delaware has 2,050 square miles and Connecticut 4,990 square miles). The INSULAR POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES-Continued. population according to an enumeration made by the United States Government in 1900 showed a population of 953, 243, of whom 589,426 are white and 363,817 are colored. The density was 26.4 to the square mile; 83.2 per cent, of the population cannot read. Porto Rico is unusually fertile, and fts dominant industries are agriculture and lumbering. In elevated regions the vegetation of the temperate zone is not unknown. There are more thau 500 varieties of trees found in the forests, and the plains are full of palm, orange, and other trees. The principal crops are sugar, coffee, tobacco, and inaize, but oranges, bananas, rice, pineapples, and many other fruits are important products. The largest article of export from Porto Rico is sugar. The next largest is tobacco. The other exports in order of amount are collee, fruits, molasses, cattle, timber, and hides. The principal minerals found in Porto Rico are gold, carbonates, and sulphides of copper and maguetic oxide of iron in large quantities. Lignite is found at Utuado and Moca, and also yellow amber. A large variety of marbles, limestones, and other building stones are deposited on the island, but these resources are very undeveloped. There are salt works at Guanica and Salina on the south coast, and at Cape Rojo on the west, and these constitute the principal mineral industry in Porto Rico, The principal cities are Mayaguez, with 15, 187, Ponce, 27,952 inhabitants; and San Juan, the capital, with 32,048. The shipments of domestic merchandise from the United States to Porto Rico, year ending December 31, 1907, were $25,320, 465. The exports of domestic merchandise to the United States were $20,552,612. The foreign trade, year ending December 31, 1907, was: Imports, $3.580,887; exports, $4,899,372. An act providing for a civil government for Porto Rico was passed by the Fifty-sixth Congress and received the assent of the President April 12, 1900, A statement of its provisions was printed in THE WORLD ALMANAC for 1901, pages 92 and 93. President Roosevelt in his message to Congress in December, 1906, recommended the granting of United States citizenship to the Porto Ricans. Under this act a civil government was established, which went into effect May 1, 1900. There are two legislative chambers, the Executive Council, or Upper House," composed of the Government Secretary, Attorney-General, Treasurer, Auditor, Commissioner of the Interior, and Commissioner of Education, and five citizens appointed by the President, and the House of Delegates, or **Lower House," consisting of 35 members, elected by the people. The island is represented near the Congress of the United States by a Resident Commissioner. CUAM. The island of Guam, the largest of the Marianne or Ladrone Archipelago, was ceded by Spain to the United States by Article 2 of the Treaty of Peace, concluded at Paris December 10, 1898. It lies in a direct line from San Francisco to the southern part of the Philippines, and is 5,200 miles from San Francisco and 900 miles from Manila. It is about 32 miles long and 100 miles in circumference, and has a population of about 8.661, of whom 5,249 are in Agana, the capital. The inhabitants are mostly immigrants or descendants of immigrants from the Philippines, the original race of the Ladrone Islands being extinct. The prevailing language is Spanish. Nine-tenths of the islanders can read and write. The island is thickly wooded, well watered, and fertile, and possesses an excellent harbor. The productions are tropical fruits, cacao, rice, corn, tobacco, and sugar cane. Commander Taussig, of the United States gunboat Bennington, took possession of the island and raised the United States flag over Fort Santa Cruz on February 1, 1899. TUTUILA. Tutulla, the Samoan island which, with its attendant islets of Tau, Olesinga, and Ofu, became a possession of the United States by virtue of the tri-partite treaty with Great Britain and Germany in 1899, covers, according to the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department, fifty-four square miles, and has 5,800 inhabitants. It possesses the most valuable island harbor, Pago-Pago, in the South Pacific, and perhaps in the entire Pacific Ocean. Commercially the island is unimportant at present, but is extremely valuable in its relations to the commerce of any nation desiring to cultivate transpacific commerce. Ex-Chief Justice Chambers, of Samoa, says of Pago-Pago that The harbor could hold the entire naval force of the United States, and is so per ectly arranged that only two vessels can enter at the same time. The coaling station, being surrounded by high bluffs, cannot be reached by shells from outside. The Government is increasing the capacity to 10,000 tons. The Samoan Islands, in the South Pacific, are fourteen in number, and lie in a direct line drawn from San Francisco to Auckland, New Zealand. They are 4,000 miles from San Francisco. 2,200 miles from Hawaii, 1,900 miles from Auckland, 2,000 miles from Sydney, and 4,200 miles from Manila, Germany governs all the group except the part owned by the United States. The inhabitants are native Polynesians and Christians of different denominations. WAKE AND OTHER ISLANDS. The United States flag was hoisted over Wake Island in January, 1899, ny Commander Taussig, of the Bennington, while proceeding to Guam. It is a small island in the direct route from Hawali to Hong Kong, about 2,000 miles from the first and 3.000 miles from the second. The United States possesses a number of scattered small islands in the Pacific Ocean, some hardly more than rocks or coral reefs, over which the flag has been hoisted from time to time. They are of little present value and mostly uninhabited. The largest are Christmas, Gallego. Starbuck, Peurbyn, Phoenix, Palmyra, Howland. Baker, Johnston, Gardner. Midway, Morell, and Marcus islands. The Midway Islands are occupied by a colony of telegraphers in charge of the relay in the cable line connecting the Philippines with the United States and a camp of United States marines, in all about forty persons. The Santa Barbara group is a part of California and the Aleutian chain, extending from the peninsula of Kamchatka in Asiatic Russia to the promontory in North America which separates Bering Sea from the North Pacific, a part of Alaska. HAWAII. Hawaii was annexed to the United States by joint resolution of Congress July 7, 1898. A bill to create Hawaii a Territory of the United States was passed by Congress and approved April 30, 1900, The area of the several islands of the Hawaiian group is as follows: Hawaii, 4,210 square miles; Maui. 760; Oahu, 600; Kauai, 590; Molokai, 270; Lanai, 150; Niihau, 97, Kahoolawe, 63. Total, 6,740 square miles. At the time of the discovery of the islands by Captain Cook in 1778 the native population was about 200,000. This has steadily decreased, so that at the last census the natives numbered but 31,019, |
