FORESTS AND FORESTRY-Continued. In of not less than 40,000 acres each, at the heads of the three principal river systems of the State. accordance with this and other acts, land has been rapidly acquired, until, at the present time, the holdings of Pennsylvania amount to more than 700,000 acres. In 1901 Pennsylvania made its Bureau of Foresty a separate department. A school for forest wardens has been established at Mont Alto, and in connection with the protection and improvement of the forest reserves, the State is engaged in removing the mature timber. Minnesota long took the lead in the excellence of a forest fire law, it being the first State to appoint a fire warden charged with responsibility for suppressing fires. New York, in 1900, also made provision for a chief fire warden. Maine and New Hampshire are other States possessing excellent fire laws. In 1899 Michigan appointed a commission to study the forest question, and to select land for a State forest reserve. In Under the supervision of a trained Forester, Wisconsin is selling mature timber from its forest reserve of 264,697 acres, which has been surveyed, mapped and placed under management. co-operation with the office of Indian Affairs and the Forest Service the State Forester supervises the sale and cutting of timber on the Indian reservations in Wisconsin. On June 26, 1906, Congress passed a bill granting to Wisconsin, 20,000 acres of vacant Government lands. Indiana took an important step forward when the State held forth encouragement to private owners to plant trees. Since 1904, Massachusetts has had a technically trained State Forester, who besides furnishing advice to landowners for the management of forest lands, delivers a course of lectures at the State agricultural college. In 1905, Maryland passed a law providing for a State Forester ander much the same conditions. California has manifested great interest in forest preservation, Under an appropriation of the Legislature of that State a study of its forest resources has been undertaken, and is now in progress in co-operation with the Forest Service. A State Forester has recently been appointed. The States now having officers charged with the care of forest interests are: California, Connecticut, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana. Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The Biltmore Forest School, at Biltmore, North Carolina, was established in 1898. Its directoris Dr. C. A. Schenck, forester to the Biltmore estate. The Yale Forest School, established in 1900, is a post-graduate school, whose head is Prof. Henry S. Graves. Harvard has had a forest school since 1903. The University of Michigan has a four-year undergraduate course in forestry. The lecturer is Prof. Filibert Roth. THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. The American Forestry Association whose headquarters are at 1311 G Street, N. W.. Washington, D. C. was organized in 1882, and incorporated in January, 1897, with the following objects: 1. The promotion of a businesslike and conservative use and treatment of the forest resources of this country. 2. The advancement of legislation tending to this end both by the States and the Congress of the United States, the inauguration of forest administration by the Federal Government and by the States, and the extension of sound forestry by all proper methods. 3. The diffusion of knowledge regarding the conservation, management, and renewal of forests, the proper utilization of their products, methods of reforestation of waste lands, and the planting of trees. The Association desires and needs as members all who are interested in promoting the objects for which it is organized-all who'realize the importance of using the natural resources of the country in such a manner as not to exhaust them, or to work ruin to other interests. In particular it appeals to owners of woodlands, to lumbermen and Foresters, as well as to engineers, professional and business men who have to do with wood and its manifold uses, and to persons concerned in the conservation of water supplies for irrigation and other purposes. The Association has over 5,000 members at the present time, residents of every State in the Union, Canada and foreign countries. The annual dues are two dollars; a magazine is published. The officers of the Association are: President-Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson; Vice-Presidents-at-Large-Dr. Edward Everett Hale, F. E. Weyerhaeuser, James W. Pinchot, Dr. B. E. Fernow; John L. Kaul; SecretaryThomas E. Will, Washington, D. C.; Treasurer-Otto Luebkert, Washington, D. C. Local or State Forestry Associations have been formed in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. ARBOR DAY. Individual States and Territories have striven to encourage the preservation of trees by setting aside a certain day each year for the purpose of tree planting. Every State and Territory, with the exception of Delaware and the Indian Territory, have set apart such an Arbor Day. [See Legal Holidays."] NATIONAL PARKS. The national parks were created during the period from 1872 to 1904. They have a total area of about 3,654, 196 acres. The more important are the Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming and Montana; Sequoia National Park. General Grant National Park, and Yosemite National Park in California; Mt. Rainier National Park in Washington, and Crater Lake National Park in Oregon. The reservation known as the Yellowstone National Park, set apart for public uses by an act of Congress passed in 1872, covers a tract of about sixty-five miles in length, from north to south, and about fifty-five miles in width, from east to west, lying chiefly in Northwestern Wyoming, and overlapping, to a small extent, the boundaries of Montana, on the north, and Idaho, on the west. This gives an area of 3,312 square miles, a tract that is nearly the area of the States of Rhode Island and Delaware combined, and nearly half as large as the State of Massachusetts. The Rocky Mountain chain crosses the southwestern portion in an irregular line, leaving by far the greater expanse on the eastern side, The least elevation of any of the narrow valleys is 6,000 feet, and some of them are from 1,000 to 2,000 feet higher. The mountain ranges which hem in these valleys are from 10.000 to upward of 11,000 feet in height, Electric Peak (in the northwest corner of the park, not far back of Mammoth Hot Springs) having an elevation of 11,155 feet, and Mount Langford and Turret Mountain (both in the Yellowstone Range) reaching the height of 11,155 and 11, 142 feet re. spectively, Lumber and Timber Products of the United States. (From Census Bulletin No. 77.) Lumber and timber products, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, are manufactured in three classes of establishments-logging or timber camps, sawmills, and planing mills. The raw material of the logging industry is standing timber, and its leading product is saw logs. Among the other principal products are shingle, stave, and heading bolts, cooperage and excelsior stock, fence posts, hop and hoop poles, handle stock, tan bark, piles, paving stock, railway ties, rived or split shingles, masts and spars, ship knees, telegraph and telephone poles, wheel stock and charcoal. Logs and bolts, products of the logging camps, constitute the raw materials of the sawmills, and rough lumber is their leading product. The term "rough lumber" comprises all sawed products reported in thousand feet, board measure, such as planks, boards, scantlings, furniture stock, carriage and wagon stock, agricultural implement stock, bobbin and spool stock, and dimension stock. Among the other principal products of the industry are shingles, cooperage materials, veneers, cut, sawed and sliced, and laths. In the planing mill industry rough lumber forms the principal material, with hardware, glass, glue, etc., as other materials; while chief among its products are finished lumber, such as ceiling, flooring, etc., and sash, doors, blinds, and interior finish. These three industries are so closely connected that often a single establishment includes a logging camp, a sawmill, and a planing mill. The Bureau of the Census recognizes this close connection, and, although it treats each branch as a separate industry, it gives the figures for the lumber and timber industry as a whole. Since, however, some of the products of the lumber camp are the raw materials of the sawmill, and some of the products of the sawmill the raw materials for the planing mill, a correct total for the lumber and timber industry can not be obtained by adding the figures for the three branches. Special figures are therefore given for Iumber and timber products. In determining these figures, moreover, planing mills not connected with sawmills have been omitted, because the products of such mills are not. accurately speaking, lumber and timber. Planing mills connected with sawmills would also have been omitted had it been possible to distribute accurately the costs of operation between the products of the saw and the products of the planer. LUMBER AND TIMBER. The figures given for the lumber and timber industry as a whole show that 19,127 establishments, with a combined capital of $517,224, 128, were manufacturing lumber and timber products at the census of 1905. These establishments employed on the average 404,626 wage-earners, and they paid $183,021,519 in wages, consumed materials costing $183,786,210, and manufactured products valued at $580,022,690. These establishments were widely distributed, for in 1905 lumber and timber products were manufactured on a commercial scale in every State and Territory except North Dakota. In nine States the production of lumber was the principal industry and in twelve it was second in importance. The six leading States in the industry, with the value of products manufactured in each, were, in 1905: Washington, $49,572,512; Wisconsin, $44.395,766; Michigan. $40,569,335; Louisiana, $35,192,374; Minnesota, $33,183,309, and Pennsylvania, $31,642,390. LOGGING CAMPS. In 1905 returns were received from 12,494 logging camps with a combined capital of $90,454,494. These camps employed on the average 146,596 wage-earners, paid $66,989,795 in wages, consumed materials costing $80,412,828, and manufactured products valued at $236,131.048. Of the total number of logging camps, 11,644, or 93.2 per cent., were conducted by milling establishments, and 850, or 6.8 per cent.. were operated independently. The dependent logging camps reported 78 per cent. of the capital, 80 per cent. of the wageearners, 78 per cent. of the wages, 90 per cent. of the cost of materials, and 86 per cent. of the value of the products. While it is thus apparent that the bulk of the logging industry is carried on in conjunction with sawmills, the independent camps on an average are much larger. These independent camps follow closely the centres of heaviest lumber production. In the amount of production, which can most accurately be measured by the number of thousand feet of saw logs produced, Washington ranked first, Louisiana second, Wisconsin third, Pennsylvania fourth, and Arkansas fifth. In the value of products, however, the five leading States were Wisconsin, Washington, Michigan, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania. A comparison of the figures for 1905 with those for 1900 shows that growth in the industry since 1900 has been most rapid in the Southwestern States and in certain of the Pacific Coast States, while a substantial and, with respect to most of the items, uniform decline characterizes the Lake States as a group. That logging is relatively declining in the Central States is also clearly indicated, and this is due, of course, to the practical exhaustion in those States of merchantable timber in continuous bodies. INCREASED COST OF TIMBER. Throughout the country the value of log stumpage is increasing. The average value per thousand feet, board measure, for the United States increased from $2.18 in 1900 to $2.59 in 1905, a rise of 41 cents, or 18.8 per cent. This advance in the cost of stumpage added $11.472.115 to the total cost of sawmill material and increased the value of lumber proportionately. The increase is due not so much to a present shortage in the supply of lumber material in the country as a whole as to the fact that the available supply of log stumpage is rapidly being bought up and withdrawn from the market. The conditions in certain of the States are noteworthy. In Maine, New Hampshire, and New York the great demand for spruce to be used as a raw material in the wood pulp industry has caused an increase in stumpage values far above the average increase LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES-Continued. reported for the country as a whole. In Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, where little merchantable timber remains, the rise in stumpage values is due directly to the growing scarcity of sawmill material for immediate use. In Kentucky and Tennessee, where the supply is still relatively large, the sharp advances are due in large part to extensive buying for future use. On the Pacific slope is still to be found the cheapest high-grade stumpage in the country, though the values in this region show substantial increases over 1900. Practically all species of merchantable timber have increased in stumpage value. Yellow pine, which was the species most used at both censuses, increased in value per thousand board feet from $1.12 to $1.68. White pine increased from $3.66 to $4.62; Douglas fir, the chief species converted into lumber in the States of Washington and Oregon, from 77 cents to $1.05; hemlock, from $2.56 to $3.51; oak, from $3.18 to $3.83; spruce, from $2.26 to $3.70, and cypress, from $1.58 to $3.42. Redwood, found only in California, advanced in value from $1.06 to $1.55, or 46.2 per cent. INCREASED VALUE OF SAW LOGS. The increased value of log stumpage is reflected in the increased value of the products of the lumber camps. Saw logs, the principal product of the industry. Increased in quantity from 25,279,702 thousand feet in 1900 to 27,980,768 in 1905, a gain of 10.7 per cent.; but they increased in value from $158,880,352 to $210,074.486, a gain of 32.2 per cent. The number of railway ties reported increased from 22,524,640 to 36,445,308, or 61.8 per cent; while their value increased from $6,277,439 to $12,413,793, or 97.8 per cent. The average value of a tie rose from 28 cents in 1900 to 34 cents in 1905. In this connection it should be noted that the census figures do not include ties cut by farmers during the Winter months and sold directly to the railroads. It should also be noted that the figures are for hewn ties. Sawed ties are forming an increasing percentage of the total production of railway ties in the country, and they are reported by the mills in thousand feet under the heading of rough lumber. The other products of the lumber camp generally show an increase both in quantity and value. Hemlock bark, however, decreased in quantity from 471,802 cords to 391,691 cords, but it increased in value from $1,940,057 to $2,347,463. Charcoal decreased both in quantity and value. SAWMILLS. At the census of 1905 the number of sawmills reported was 18,277, and their combined capital was $381.621,184. They furnished employment on the average to 223,674 8-730earners, paid $100,310,891 in wages, consumed materials costing $263,865,101, and may factured products to the value of $491,524,662. ། In this industry Wisconsin ranked first according to the value of products, wase ington second, Michigan third, Louisiana fourth, and Pennsylvania fifth. I Wisconsin was second, Washington sixth, Michigan first, Louisiana eleventh. Pennsylvania third. A classification of the mills according to the quantity of lumber cut indicates that between 1900 and 1905 the capacity of the average mill materially inc. ea sed. MI cutting 1,000,000 feet or more annually formed 33.3 per cent. of the total number is 1995 as contrasted with 30.6 per cent. in 1900. The principal products of the sawmills, with their values, were as follows: lumber. $135.708.084; shingles, $24,009,610; hoops, $3,159,973; staves, $19,082,641, heaumg5. $7,436,259, and laths, $5,435,968. ALL KINDS OF LUMBER INCREASE IN COST. The increase in the average value of all lumber was from $11.14 per thousand feet in 1900 to $12.76 at the census of 1905, or 14.5 per cent. The advance extended to all species of both conifers and hard woods, and in the case of several of them was large, Among the conifers, yellow pine advanced from $8.59 per thousand feet to $10.10; white pine, from $12.72 to $14.92; hemlock, from $9.97 to $11.91; Douglas fir, from $8.67 to $9.51; spruce, from $11.29 to $14.03, and cypress, from $13.34 to $17.50. Oak increased from $14.02 per thousand feet to $17.51; poplar, from $14.22 to $18.90; maple, from $11.83 to $14.94; cottonwood, from $10.35 to $14.92; elm, from $11.57 to $14.45, and gum, from $9.75 to $10.87. PLANING MILLS. The number of planing mills reported in 1905 was 9,486, and their combined capital was $222.204.184. They employed 132,030 wage-earners, paid $66,434,440 in wages, consumed materials costing $273,276,381, and manufactured products valued at $404,650.282, In the value of products of this industry New York ranked first, Wisconsin second, Pennsylvania third, Minnesota fourth, and Illinois fifth. The high rank of New York in the planing mill industry is due almost entirely to the magnitude of the operations of its independent planing mills. Illinois is also important because of its large number of Independent mills, as are also Ohio and Massachusetts. IMPORTS FROM CANADA. Practically all the rough lumber imported into the United States comes from Canada, that country contributing 98.2 per cent. of the total in 1905. The following is a statement of the boards, planks, deals, etc., imported from Canada in the three years ending 1905: 1903. Quantity, 718,909,000 feet; value, $10,565.629. 1904. Quantity, 585,194,000 feet; value, $8,729,185. 1905. Quantity, 704,950,000 feet; value, $10,714,417, Naturalization Laws of the United States. THE Conditions under and the manner in which an alien may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States are prescribed by Sections 2, 165-74 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, as amended by Chapter 3592 of the Acts of the First Session of the 59th Congress. (See also Citizen's Expatriation Act, page 183.) DECLARATION OF INTENTIONS. The alien must declare upon oath before a circuit or district court of the United States or a district or supreme court of the Territories, or a court of record of any of the States having common law jurisdiction and a seal and clerk, of which he is a resident, two years at least prior to his admission, that it is, bona fide, his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince or State, and particularly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen or subject. PETITION ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION. At the time of his application for admission, which must be not less than two years nor more than seven years after such declaration of intention, he shall make and file a petition in writing, signed by himself (and duly verified by the affidavits of two credible witnesses who are citizens of the United States, and who shall state that they have personally known him to be a resident of the United States at least five years continuously, and of the State or district at least one year previously), in one of the courts above specified, that it is his intention to become a citizen and reside permanently in the United States, that he is not a disbeliever in organized government or a believer in polygamy, and that he absolutely and forever renounces all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign country of which he may at the time of filing his petition be a citizen or subject. CONDITIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP. He shall, before his final admission to citizenship, declare on oath in open court that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces all foreig allegiance. If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court that immediately preceding the date of his application he has resided continuously within the United States five years at least, and within the State or Territory where such court is held one year at least, and that during that time he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same, he may be admitted to citizenship. If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order of nobility he must make an express renunciation of the same. No person who believes in or is affiliated with any organization teaching opposition to organized government or who advo cates or teaches the duty of unlawfully assaulting or killing any officer of any organized government because of his official character, shall be naturalized. No alien shall be naturalized who cannot speak the English language. An alien soldier of the United States Army of good character may be admitted to citizenship on one year's previous residence. MINORS. An alien minor may take out his first papers on attaining the age of eighteen years, but he can only become a citizen after having his first papers at least two years, and having resided within the United States five years, and after having attained the age of wenty-one years. The children of persons who have been duly naturalized, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof. CITIZENS CHILDREN WHO ARE BORN ABROAD. The children of persons who now are or have been citizens of the United States are, though born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, considered as citizens thereof. (See page 183, Section 6 of Act of 1907.) CHINESE The naturalization of Chinamen is expressly prohibited by Sec. 14, Chap. 126, Laws of 1882. PROTECTION ABROAD TO NATURALIZED CITIZENS. Section 2,000 of the Revised Statutes of the United States declares that"all naturalized citizens of the United States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall receive from this Government the same protection of persons and property which is accorded to native-born citizens. But when a naturalized citizen shall have resided for two years in the foreign State from which he came, it shall be presumed that he has ceased to be an American citizen, and his place of general abode shall be deemed his place of residence during the said years. It is provided that such a presumption may be overcome on the presentation of satisfactory evidence before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States. THE RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE. The right to vote comes from the State, and is a State gift. Naturalization is a Federal right and is a gift of the Union, not of any one State. In nearly one-half of the Union aliens (who have declared intentions) vote and have the right to vote equally with naturalized or nativeborn citizens. In the other half only actual citizens may vote. (See Table of Qualifications for Voting in each State, on another page.) The Federal naturalization laws apply to the whole Union alike, and provide that no alien may be naturalized until after five years' residence. Even after five years' residence and due naturalization he is not entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege upon him, and he may vote in several States six months after landing, if he has declared his intention, under United States law, to become a citizen. INHABITANTS OF THE NEW INSULAR POSSESSIONS. The inhabitants of Hawaii were declared to be citizens of the United States under the act of 1900 creating Hawaii a Territory. Under the United States Supreme Court decision in the insular cases, in May, 1901, the inhabitants of the Philippines and Porto Rico are entitled to full "protection under the Constitution, but not to the privileges of United States citizenship until Congress so decrees, by admitting the countries as States or organizing them as Territories. Qualifications for Voting in Each State of the Union. (Communicated to THE WORLD ALMANAC and corrected to date by the Attorneys-General of the respective States.) In all the States except Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming the right to vote at general elections is restricted to males of 21 years of age and upward. (See also "New York," next page.) Women are entitled to vote at school elections in several States. They are entitled by law to full suffrage in the States of Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. (See article entitled "Woman Suffrage.") PREVIOUS RESIDENCE REQUIRED.] STATES. Requirements as to Citizenship. In Persons Excluded from Suffrage. Alabama. Citizen of United States or alien 2 yrs.. 1 yr... 3 mo.. 3 mo... Convicted of treason or other who has declared intention(j) ArizonaT Citizen of U. S. by nativity or 1 yr... 30dys naturalization (a) (b). ........... felonies, idiots, or insane, 30 dys Idiot. insane, felon under guardianship. Arkansas" Citizen of United States or alien 1 yr... 6 mo.. 30dys 30 dys Calif'rnia Citizen by nativity, naturaliza- 1 yr... 90dys Colorado". Citizen, native or naturalized, 1 yr... 90dys Conn....... Citizen of United States who 1 yr.......... Delaware Citizen of the United States..., 1 yr... 3 mo.. 6 mo.. Idiots, insane, convicted of fel- 30 dys Chinese, idiots, insane, embez Convicted of heinous crime, un- 30 dys Iusane, paupers or persons convicted of felony unpardoned. Idiots, duellists, convicted of felony or any infamous crime. Convicted of felony, bribery, or larceny, unless pardoned, idiots, and insane. Idiots, insane, convicted of felony, bigamists, polygamists, under guardianship(n). Illinois... Citizen of the United States (b). 1 yr... 90dys 30dys 30 dys Convicted of felony or bribery Indiana... Citizen or alien who has de- 6 mo.. Iowa * Kansas clared intention and resided 1 year in United States. Citizen of the United States.... 6 mo.. 60dys in elections, unless restored to citizenship (h). 60dys 30 dys United States soldiers, sailors, and marines, and persons convicted of infamous crime (7). Idiots, insane, convicted of infamous crime,U.S.soldiers (h). Convicted of treason or felony, insane, underguardianship(d). Convicted of treason, felony, or bribery in an election, idiots, and insane (h) (m). Citizen of United States or alien 6 mo.. 30dys 30dys 10 dys who has declared intention (b) Kent'ky". Citizen of the United States (b) 1 yr... 6 mo.. 60dys 60 dys assessed in 6 mo.. Idiots, insane, felons, under indictment, inmates of prison or charitable institution except soldiers' home. Louisia'a Citizen of United States........ 2 yrs. 1 yr... Citizen of the United States 3 mo.. 3 mo... 3 mo. 3 mo..Paupers and Indians not taxed, Maryla'd Citizen of the United States..... 1 yr... 6 mo.. 6 mo... 1 day. Mass. * ...... Citizen who can read and 1 yr... 6 mo.. 6 mo.. 6 mo.. write (b). Michigan Citizen of the United States or 6 mo... 20dys 20dys 20 dys alien who declared intention) 2 years and 6 months prior to November 8, 1894 (b). under guardianship.† Felons not pardoned, lunatics, non compos mentis, bribery. Paupers and persons under guardianship. Indians with tribal relations, duellists and accessories. Minn...... Citizen of United States who 6 mo.. 30 dys 30 dys 30 dys Convicted of treason or felony, Miss. * has been such for 3 months] unpardoned, under guardianship, insane, Indians lacking customs of civilization. ......Citizen of the United States 2 yrs.. 1 yr... 1 yr... 1yr (c) Insane, idiots, Indians not tax- ed, felons, persons who have not paid taxes, bigamists. Missouri.. Citizen of United States or alien 1 yr... 60dys 60dys 20 dys Persons in poorhouses or asy. who has declared intention not less than 1 year or more Montana". Citizen of the United States (b) 1 yr... 30dys 30dys 30 dys Nebraska Citizen of United States or alien 6 mo. 40dys 30dys 10 dys his name. who has declared intention lums at public expense, those Felons not pardoned, idiots, Australian Ballot law or a modification of it in force. + Or a person unable to read the Constitution in English and to write (a) Or citizens of Mexico who desire to become citizens under treaties of 1848 and 1854. (b) Women can vote in school elections. (c) Clergymen are qualified after six months' residence in precinct. (1) Also public embezzlers, persons guilty of bribery, or dishonorably discharged soldiers from U. S. service, unless reinstated. (g) Also soldiers, sailors, and marines in U.S. service. (h) No soldier, seaman, or marine deemed a resident because stationed in the State. (1) The Australian system sometimes prevails in municipal primaries in Georgia, but same is male applicable by rule of party ordering primary and not by the law. j) Poll-taxes must be paid to date, by Feb. 1, preceding election. (k) Also soldiers (except those living in soldiers' homes), sailors and marines in U.S. Service. () During term fixed by court. (m) Widows and spinsters owning property or having ward of school age may vote in school elections." (n) Also inmates of houses of ill fame. |