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The official count of the 1939 census was announced as 79,375,281.

The Free State of Waldeck was absorbed by Prussia (April 1, 1929). The Free States of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz were united as Mecklenburg (Jan. 1, 1934).

There are 29 universities in Germany including the University of Vienna (founded in 1356) and Heidelberg (founded in 1386). There is compulsory military training in Nazi storm detachments and a one-year term of manual labor for all male undergraduates. Elementary education is compulsory. When the German Emperor abdicated and fled to Holland (Nov., 1918) the self-constituted Council of People's Commissioners took over the government and proclaimed a republic. A call was issued for the election of a National Assembly. It met at Weimar (Feb. 6, 1919) and elected Friedrich Ebert President of the republic (Feb. 11). His term was extended to June 30, 1925.

The National Assembly adopted a Constitution (July 31, 1919). It is known as the Weimar Constitution.

Ebert died (Feb. 28, 1925) and was succeeded by Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg (re-elected 1932). In this election Hindenburg received 19,359,642 votes to Adolf Hitler's 13,417,460.

The result of the election (March 5, 1933). as compared with the election (Nov. 6, 1932). is shown in the following table:

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directly connected with the nation's war economy. Goering assumed most of the powers held by Dr. Funk as minister of economic affairs. Goering formed a "general council" to direct and coordinate production, distribution and consumption. Subordinated to him are several cabinet members. Included in the "council" are several high army and Nazi party officials.

The National Socialist German Labor Party, to give its full name, though familiarly known as Nazis, was founded (1920) in Munich by Hitler (then 31 years old). Austrian-born, he had served throughout the war in the German Army and in consequence had lost his Austrian citizenship. He later obtained German citizenship and took the oath to support the constitution when the State of Brunswick (Feb. 22, 1932) gave him a position in its diplomatic service.

The Nazis were a small group, anti-Semitic, with vague socialist leanings but strongly opposed to the Social Democrats and the Republican Constitution of the Reich. With Hitler and Gen. Ludendorf as leaders, it staged the so-called "Beer Hall Putsch" in Munich (Nov. 8-9, 1923). This proved abortive and Hitler was sentenced to five years imprisonment-a sentence soon quashed. The party was reorganized but was reduced by internal dissensions to insignificance. In the Reichstag election (1924) the party joined with a party called Movement for German Racial Freedom and the combination won 32 seats. But the next year the Nazis cut loose and reorganized again. The economic crisis and widespread discontent gave Hitler, a magnetic speaker, renewed opportunity. The growth of the Nazis is shown in the following table.

Nationalists.

People's Party.

Agrarians...

March, 1933 Vote Seats 288 3,133,938 52 432,234 2 47.723

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Reichstag

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Reichstag.

4

5

Reichstag.

333,619

5

2

Economic Party..

Peasants' Party... 114,237 Wurtt. Farmers.. 83,828

1

Germ'n Soci'l Dem. 7,177,294 120

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3

2

Presidential 1st B. Presidential 2d B.

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1,156,841 20
413,144
338,542
110,343 1 To crush an incipient revolt against him by the
149,005
radicals headed by Capt. Roehm, Chief of Staff
96,859
of the Storm Troops (S. A.), Hitler (June 30,
1934) flew from Berlin to Munich and arrested
13,685,747 224 Roehm in his own house. Roehm, Heines and
Karl Ernest, head of the Berlin brown shirts, with
5,980,240 100 others were shot. In Berlin Goering's special
police with the Nazi Schutz Staffel (the black
shirt elite of the storm troops) in carrying out
their part of the "purge" shot ex-Chancellor Gen.
von Schleicher and his wife while resisting ar-
rest," also the adjutant and two secretaries of
Vice Chancellor von Papen (later sent to Austria
as Minister after the murder of Dollfuss), Dr.
Erich Klausener, head of the Catholic Action So-
ciety, and several others. When Hitler justified
the "purge" before the Reichstag (July 13) he
gave the number of dead as 77.

Grand total...39,319,433 647 35,363,744 583 The Nazi vote increased by 5,532,544, 44% of the total, and the 288 seats which they won, in combination with the 52 seats of the Nationalists. gave them an absolute majority of the Reichstag. Hitler became Chancellor.

The new Reichstag promptly passed an Enabling Act (March 5, 1933) by which absolute power was conferred on Chancellor Hitler and his cabinet. The Reichstag continued (Jan. 31, 1937) the Enabling Act until April 1, 1941. Deriving authority from this act, Hitler has completely personalized government in Germany. He has absolute control of all activities throughout the country-political, economic, industrial, commercial. cultural. Freedom of speech and of the press has been abolished. Equality before the law applies only to Aryans, the only people in Germany who have full citizenship rights which are restricted by the Gestapo (secret police). The Cabinet follows:

Fuehrer and Chancellor-Adolf Hitler (born April 20, 1889 in Braunau, Austria.) Ministers:

Interior-Dr. Wilhelm Frick.

Foreign Affairs-Joachim von Ribbentrop.
Defense Adolf Hitler.

Munitions-Dr. Fritz Todt.

Finance Ludwig Count Schwerin von Krosigk
Food and Agriculture-Dr. Walther Darre.
Economic Affairs-Dr. Walther Funk.
Labor-Franz Seldte.

Posts Dr. Wilhelm Ohnesorge.

Transport-Dr. Dorpmueller.

Aviation-Reich Marshal Hermann Goering.
Justice-Franz Schlegelberger.
Learning and Education

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Hitler got 88.1% of the August vote. He got 93.5% of the vote in November.

In the plebiscite (March 29, 1936) on his foreign policy, Hitler was credited with 44,409,523 votes out of 44,952,476 votes cast, being 98.5% of the eligible voters.

Prussia's autonomous rights as a Federated State were wiped out (Feb. 6, 1933) by decree of President von Hindenburg. Hitler took personal control with Goering as Minister of the Interior in command of the police and later as Premier. Bavaria's premier was thrown out by storm troopers (March 9) and Wurttemberg. Saxony, Baden, Hesse, Schaumberg-Lippe and Bremen likewise came under control.

The nine other states had either purely Nazi governments or coalition governments dominated by Nazis.

The President was empowered on nomination by the Chancellor, to appoint the Governors (Statthalters) of the 17 States.

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The anti-Semitic campaign carried on ruthlessly by Storm troopers by boycotts and violence resulted in the arrest and detention of 80.000 to 90,000 Jews, and more than 90,000 Jews fled the country, mostly in poverty. Sweeping laws ousted nearly all Jews from the professions and the public service and from the universities, also from the German Labor Front and even the Chess League. A "nonAryan" was defined as "a person descended particularly from Jewish parents or grandparents." The census (1933) returned 499,682 (0.7%) Jews. It was estimated that as defined the "non-Aryan" total would reach 2,500,000.

All Jewish cultural activities, it was decreed, must be united in one officially recognized Jewish Cultural Organization to which directly or through one of its affiliated societies all non-Aryan doctors, writers and actors must belong in order to exercise their profession.

The number of German grammar schools and pupils decreased (1939), schools at the rate of 0.7 per cent and pupils 1.4. In the old Reich territory, exclusive of Austria, the Sudeten provinces and the former Polish territories, there were (1939) 50,592 schools and 186,582 classes and 7,503,195 pupils, taught by 177,303 teachers. For every 10,000 population there were 7.3 schools, 1,078 pupils and 25.4 teachers. There was an average of 40.3 pupils to a class and 42.4 pupils to a teacher. For every 100 girls there were 101.2 boys, which is regarded as the average relationship.

The decrease in the number of Jewish pupils (1939) was 80 per cent of the 1938 total. There were 2,008 Jewish pupils attending grammar schools (1939) as against 10,069 (1938). Including private schools there were (1939) 8,962 Jewish pupils as against 19,913 the previous year.

In Austria the count (1939) showed 4,721 public schools with 657,000 pupils; the Sudeten provinces

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counted 2,957 schools and 274,000 pupils.

The government sought (1934) to bring the various Lutheran churches into a single German Evangelical Church under the direction of a proNazi bishop and, failing in this, promulgated a law (Sept. 24, 1935) giving absolute powers in church matters to the Minister for Church Affairs. In the course of the conflict more than 700 Lutheran pastors were arrested. Conflict with the Roman Catholic Church developed over control of education of youth organizations, the administration of which was guaranteed to the Church under the terms of the German-Vatican concordat of July 20, 1933.

Recent ordinary budgets, in millions of gold marks, have been:

1930-31 (March 31)

1931-32

1932-33
1933-34
1934-35

Receipts Expenditures 10,585.4 11,877.2

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The budget law for the fiscal year (1939-40) contains no figures since none has been issued since 1935. It presents this blanket order:

"The Reich Minister of Finance is authorized, in agreement with competent Reich ministers, to allot to the respective Reich administrations the necessary working funds and to determine their utilization." The budget decree is signed by Chancellor Hitler and Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk, Finance Minister.

Germany does not report officially its expenditures, although the Government does make public its revenues. The following table from Foreign Commerce Weekly, published by the United States Department fo Commerce, gives Germany's financial conditon:

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1 Estimates of Reich Statistical Office.

71,000 79,700

* Estimate for Old Reich; estimate for the Great Reich is 88,000,000,000 reichsmarks.
3 Estimate of Herr Reinhardt; actual figure for and of November was 76,980,000 reichsmarks.
4 On the basis of estimate mentioned in footnote 3.

The national income (1939) was estimated at 90,000,000,000 reichsmarks and (1941) at 100,000,000,000.

E. W. Schmidt, director of the Deutsche Bank, reported (Feb. 7, 1941) that the German people were paying an annual war-time tax bill of 34,000,000,000 reichsmarks out of an estimated 100,000,000,000 reichsmarks national income. He also reported that after the payment of the cost of civil administration there remained approximately 20,000,000,000 reichsmarks a year available for war finance. Neutral quarters estimated (1941) that the war was costing Germany 60,000,000,000 reichsmarks annually. Schmidt said the national debt was covered by various types of loans, averaging 212 per cent interest. Surplus cash is brought about, he said, through limitations on what the populace may buy (rationing).

The Nazi government has endeavored to assure the country's economic self-sufficiency by producing synthetic substitutes for many of the necessaries of life. To conserve Germany's few natural resources, the public has been encouraged to salvage anything that industry might use, from old razor blades to dog bones. Storm troopers, the Hitler Youth, and school children everywhere are mobilized in the service, with 150,000 boys and girls from Berlin alone. Bottle caps and toothpaste containers are wanted for light metals; human hair for felt and cardboard manufacture and carpets; bones for fodder, fats, fertilizer and glue.

Coffee grounds yield wax and resin and a powder useful in filling dolls and pillows. Garbage is steamed and sterilized and used as hog feed.

To conserve tin, foods are packed in transparent plastic containers. The scientists have made a wool substitute from a mixture of fish albumen and cellulose; also from casein, a milk derivative and from German beech wood. Sugar is extracted from wood. "Pumpkin milk" competes with cow's milk; potato starch is used in bread; and "fish sausage" vies with the real thing.

The unit of currency is the Reichsmark. It averages around forty cents in value in United States money.

Germany has had social insurance since 1883 and the law makes mandatory the insurance of workingmen against sickness (including maternity), accidents, unemployment, old age and infirmity. Workers pay two-thirds of the contributions to the State and employers one-third.

The network of motor highways spreading over Germany-Reichsautobahnen as they are calledis one of the marvels of modern engineering. They are completely free from obstructions and fast motoring on them is not hindered either by passing through villages, level crossings or cross-roads. Two lines of traffic are separated by a verge of 161⁄2 ft. wide planted with grass or bushes. Hence there is a special roadway 2412 ft. wide for traffic in each direction on which three cars can travel abreast. There is also a firm embankment 61⁄2 ft

wide on the outer side of each roadway: The average total width of a Reich motor road is 7811⁄2 ft.

Entering and leaving the roads can be done only at certain points which are provided at average intervals of from 122 to 151⁄2 miles. At these points of entry it is also possible to turn by using special bridges.

By the end of 1938 approximately 2,000 miles of these roads were completed and more were under construction. It is planned to add 750 miles of new roads each year. The roads are used in the movement of troops throughout the Reich.

National motor roads construction and maintenance (1939) involved an expenditure of 1,120,800,000 marks, an increase of 152,000,000 marks over the preceding year. Construction costs proper (1939) were 921,300,000 marks with contingent expenditures set at 199,500,000 marks.

The Lufthansa airlines announced (Jan. 25, 1941) that their planes flew approximately 3,230,000 miles, carrying 40,000 passengers in 1940. Baggage carried was 440 tons, an increase of 50 per cent over 1939, and freight transported was estimated at 900 tons, an increase of 20 per cent. Mail carried decreased to 1,000 tons.

Lufthansa extended its air routes (1941) to touch ten more foreign countries and to furnish air connections with 15.

Agriculture is a highly specialized industry although the ground is not naturally fertile and requires much artificial fertilizer. Some of the more important crops are wheat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes, sugar beets and hay. Other commercial products are tobacco, grapes, hops, apples, pears, plums, cherries, apricots, peaches walnuts.

and

The principal minerals are coal, lignite, iron, zinc. lead, copper, salt, potash, petroleum.

The Ruhr and Saarland are the chief seat of iron and steel production, though the industry is carried on to a lesser degree in the Sieg, Lahn and Dill districts and along the lower Rhine and in Westphalia. Berlin is the center of the electrical industry. Bavaria, Rhenish Prussia and Prussian Saxony lead in the manufacture of chemicals: Saxony in textiles; Silesia and Westphalia in linen. Cotton goods are made in Saxony, Westphalia, Wurttemberg and Bavaria; woollens in Saxony, Brandenburg, Rhenish Prussia and Baden. Beetroot sugar is manufactured in Prussia (chiefly in the provinces of Saxony. Silesia, Hanover and Pomerania). Potash is produced in Prussian Saxony, Thuringia and Hanover; glass, porcelain and earthenware in Bavaria, Thuringia, Silesia, Brandenburg and Saxony; clocks and woodenware in Baden, Wurttemberg and Bavaria; and beer in Bavaria.

The German merchant marine (1939) had 2,466 ships of 4,492,708 gross tonnage, compared with 5,459,296 tons (1914).

Chancellor Hitler (March 16, 1935) reintroduced compulsory military service and increased the peace basis of the Army to 36 divisions in 12 corps. probably about 600.000 men. inclusive of police troops. By the Versailles treaty, Germany was allowed an army of 100.000, in which the soldiers were enlisted for 12 years and the officers for 20.

The Army was increased by one corps (1938) and two more were added with the absorption of Austria into the Reich. There has been a vast increase in the size of the Army with the War in Europe and its true size has not been made public. The new army law, (May 21, 1935) provides for one year of active training of all ablebodied, non-Jewish Germans between the ages of 18 and 45, with active military service beginning at 20. The trained soldier then passes into the Reserve until he is 35. then becomes a member of the Landwehr from 36 to 45. From 1813 to 1892 the term of active service was three years, and from 1892 to 1919. two years: however, the present one-year term follows compulsory service in the labor camps.

The Air Force, under control of the Air Ministry, was organized (1939, before the outbreak of war) into seven groups, including one in Austria, with 60 squadrons each of 12 aircraft in commission and to have more than 2,000 reserve aircraft. The Air Force has been increased vastly since the War in Europe and the true facts as to its size have not been made available.

By assuming the cabinet post of Minister of Defense (Feb. 4. 1938) Chancellor Hitler became supreme commander of all the armed forces of the Reich. Simultaneously he removed Field Marshall Werner von Blomberg. War Minister and Col. neral Werner von Fritsch, Commander in Chief the Army, on grounds of "ill health" and

elevated Gen. Wilhelm Keitel to chief of staff and Col. Gen. Walther von Brauchitsch to Commander in Chief of the Army.

Conscription of all German youth between the ages of 10 and 18 for service in the Hitler Youth was decreed (April 5, 1939) by Chancellor Hitler. By this decree the Hitler Youth gets exclusive charge of the "physical, mental and moral education of the entire German youth within the Reich territory outside of the home and school." The decree abrogates voluntary membership and implements the Hitler Youth Law (Dec. 1, 1936) which declared "the entire German youth within the territory of the Reich is comprised in the Hitler Youth." The principle of voluntary membership was in force then. There were within the confines of the Reich (1939) approximately 11,750,000 boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 18 and the Hitler Youth membership was given as 7.000,000. As a result of the new decree all German males, excluding the unworthy and unfit. begin compulsory service on reaching 10 and are discharged only on death. From the Hitler Youth they go to the Labor Service, then to the army, then into the armed reserve and Reich Warriors League, in all of which they are under constant supervision.

Facing the Maginot Line of France, Germany has constructed a similar series of fortifications along the eastern shore of the Rhine from Switzerland to Luxemburg. The line, originally known as the Siegfried Line and West Wall and later of steel and concrete with tank traps with pillchanged to "Limes Germanicus" by Hitler, is built boxes of slightly more flexible construction than those in the Maginot Line.

The labor code (effective May 1, 1934), defisubstitutes the fixing of wage scales for the individnitely eliminates collective wage agreements and with the national economic policy may be deprived ual enterprises. Manufacturers failing to comply under the law of their managerial rights.

It was announced (Jan. 15, 1941) that 1,391,000 foreign laborers were working on German farms. They were classified as 650,000 Polish, French and Belgium prisoners of war: 180,000 former Polish prisoners working voluntarily in Germany; 469,000 Polish civilians; 47,000 Italians; 32.000 Slovaks and lesser numbers of other nationalities.

Germany's foreign trade (1913) formed 13.3% of the world's commerce, and (1927) it had so far recovered as to reach 10%. German commerce continued its expansion until 1939 when the publication of foreign trade statistics was discontinued.

The principal German imports in the order of their value on the last available returns arewool, raw cotton, iron ore, mineral oil, wheat, coffee, butter, fruit, coal, timber and copper ore. The chief exports are-coal, iron and steel, dyes, pharmaceuticals, paper, copperware, glass and glassware, leather, silk and rayon, cotton goods, woollen goods.

The Reich-owned railway system began a fouryear replacement program (1939) costing 3,500.000,000 marks to include the purchase of 10,000 passenger cars, 112,000 freight cars and 17,300 automobile trailers. An additional 620,000,000 marks were added to the replacement budget (1939). The Reich had (1938) 42,299 miles of railroad. Germany also has vast inland waterways of some 7,000 miles (1938).

The rolling stock of the Reich Railways is reported by the Foreign Commerce Weekly of the United States Department of Commerce (Feb. 1. 1941) as follows:

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Greece

(KINGDOM OF HELLAS)

Capital, Athens-Area, 50,257 square miles-Population (1938) 7,196,900

Greece occupies the southern peninsula of the Balkans, stretching down into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Ionian Sea on the west and the Aegean Sea on the east. On the northwest lies Albania, on the north Yugo-Slavia and Bulgaria, and on the northeast Turkey. It is about the size of New York State. The Indus Mountains with many spurs, a continuation of the Balkans, run through the country from north to south. Gulfs and bays are many.

The authentic history of Greece begins (776 B. C.) although the country obtained its greatest glory and power in the fifth century B. C. It became a province of the Roman Empire (46 B. C.,) of the Byzantine Empire (395 A. D.) and was conquered by the Turks in 1456. Greece won its war of independence (1821-1829) and became a kingdom under the guarantee of Great Britain. France and

Russia.

Greece was occupied by Axis forces (May, 1940) and the Government fled to Egypt. The Cabinet resigned (June, 1940) and a new one was formed by Premier Tsouderos.

Greece, by treaty (1923) ceded for 50 years to Yugoslavia a free zone in the harbor of Saloniki (now called Thessaloniki), thus giving the Serbs an outlet to the Aegean.

The Greek National Assembly (1925) voted the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic, which lasted for ten years, or until a plebiscite (Nov. 3, 1935) restored the throne to George II. King of the Hellenes, who had fled Greece during an uprising against him (Dec. 18, 1923). Gen. John Metaxas became premier (Aug. 4, 1936). Metaxas tried to fashion a Fascist state. with large expenditures for rearmament. He died (Jan 29, 1941) and was succeeded by Alexander Korizis. Korizis died a suicide (April 18) and was succeeded by Emmanuel Tsouderos. King George, accompanied by his brother Crown Prince Paul, and high officials of the Government arrived in London (Sept. 22, 1941) to establish a Government in exile.

A son, heir to the throne, was born (June 2, 1940) to Crown Princess Frederika. Greece's King is childless and his brother, Prince Paul, to whom

the son was born, is next in line of succession. Military service was compulsory between the ages of 21 and 50. Service was for two years in the Army followed by 9 years in the first reserve and 8 in the second. About 50,000 recruits were called up each year. The Greek Navy comprises light craft, used mainly for defense purposes.

Greece, Turkey, Rumania and Yugoslavia signed a Balkan non-aggression pact (Feb. 9, 1934). Greece proper is chiefly agricultural, with little, manufacturing. Only one-fifth of the total area is arable: 13,350,000 of the total of 16,074,000 acres are covered by mountains and lakes and rivers. The forests have been denuded, but reforestation is going on; they cover 5,944,059 acres of which 4,121,119 are state-owned. The chief agricultural products are wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, tobacco, olives, lemons, oranges, mandarins, apples, pears, figs and nuts. The principal minerals are iron, zinc, lignite and salt.

It is planned to convert Mount Olympus, the mythical home of the gods, into a National Park modeled on American lines. The region is wild and largely uninhabited. Olympus is a precipitous, broken mass fronting on the sea, in part forested. rising to an altitude of 9,800 ft.

Greek Orthodox is the State church. Education is compulsory. There are two universities in Athens, and one in Thessaloniki.

The rocky promontory of Mount Athos (121 square miles), is occupied by 20 monasteries of the Greek Orthodox Church, each a sort of little republic in itself. The monks number 4,800. No females are allowed to enter the territory, which has been granted a constitution by the Greek government, receiving autonomous powers as a nomastic republic under Greek sovereignty, but with an appointed Greek Governor.

The monetary unit is the drachma with an average value of $.066. Government receipts (19391940) were estimated at 14,014,821,680 drachmai: expenditures 14,653,841,014

The principal imports are agricultural products, yarns and textiles and metal manufactures; primary exports are horticultural products, oils and waxes, minerals, wines, spirits and beverages.

Guatemala

(REPUBLICA DE GUATEMALA)

The language of the country is Spanish.

Capital, Guatemala City-Area, 45,452 square miles-Population (1938), 3,284,000 Guatemala, the northern state of Central The University of Guatemala is in Guatemala City. America, has Mexico for its neighbor on the north and west, British Honduras on the east, Honduras and Salvador on the east and south and the Pacific on the southwest. A range of mountains containing many volcanic peaks runs from northwest to south-sory east near the Pacific. The narrow west slope is well watered, fertile and the most densely settled part.

Agriculture is the most important industry, the Guatemalan soil being exceedingly fertile. Coffee accounts for 70% of the exports. Between 30 and 40% of the plantations are owned by Germans. Other important crops are bananas, sugar, beans, corn and wheat. Chicle gum is exported to the United States. Silver, gold, copper, iron, lead and chrome are found The principal imports are cotton textiles, wheat, flour, cotton yarn, petroleum, medicines, hardware and motor cars, and silk textiles. The main port of entry is Puerto Barrios on the Atlantic, 800 miles south of New Orleans. A railroad connects the port with the capital, Guatemala City, and San Jose, a port on the Pacific. Under the Guatemala Constitution (proclaimed 1879, modified 1928), the President is elected for six years, the National Assembly for four years and the Council of State of 13 members is partly elected by the Assembly and partly appointed by the President. Gen. Jorge Ubico (born 1879), was elected President (1931) and his term was due to expire in 1937 but as the result of a plebiscite (June, 1935), it was extended to 1943. The Constitutional Convention (1941) extended his term to 1949. The President is normally barred from reelection for a period of 12 years. Roman Catholic is the prevailing religion but all creeds are tolerated. Education is compulsory.

More than 70% of the population is pure Indian and most of the remainder are half castes. Peonage was abolished (1936). Military service is compulbetween the ages of 18 and 50.

The monetary unit is the quetzal with an average value of $1. The budget (1939-1940) is estimated to balance at 10,332,650 quetzales.

There are famous Mayan ruins in Uaxactun (pronounced Wa-shock-tune) in Peten, northern Guatemala, about 25 miles south of the Mexican and 20 miles west of the British Honduran boundaries. They are partially surrounded by logwood swamps and by thick jungles whose luxuriant foilage swarms with howling monkeys and green parrots. Only habitations are the rude camps of chicle gatherers and timber cutters.

An airfield was cut out of the jungle (1938) and tourists may now fly directly to the ruins from Guatemala City. A net of 5,000 miles of motor roads leads from the capital in all directions.

Besides these and other ruins in the Department of Petén, there are the beautiful Maya ruins of Quiriguá, discovered (1840) by the American explorer John L. Stephens and situated in the valley of the Motagua river, 60 miles south of Puerto Barrios, in the center of the banana plantations of the Atlantic coast of Guatemala. The ruins are only two miles from Guatemala City and consist of temples and monoliths covered with inscriptions of the Maya chronology. The old Maya empire flourished in what is today Guatemala during the first 1000 years of the Christian era. For reasons unknown they abandoned these cities after the IX or X century and built a new Empire in the Peninsula of Yucatán.

Haiti

(REPUBLIQUE D'HAITI) Capital, Port-au-Prince-Area, 10,204 square miles-Population (est. 1937), 3,000,000 Haiti occupies the western third of the Island of and Puerto Rico on the east. The boundary which Hispaniola (or Haiti), the second largest of the separates it from the Dominican Republic to the Greater Antilles lying between Cuba on the west east is about 193 miles long. Copper is found, but

is not worked commercially, and there are few other mineral resources. Coffee is the most important crop and the production of cotton, sugar and log wood is increasing. Sisal, tobacco, cattle. tropical fruits and cashew nuts are promising new industries.

Negroes form the majority of the population, the remainder being mulattoes descended from former French settlers. There are about 1,500 white foreigners. Roman Catholicism is the state religion, and the clergy are French (mostly Bretons). Education is compulsory. Illiteracy is about 85%. There are approximately 1,060 schools with 1,190 teachers and an enrollment of 90,000 pupils. French is the official language of the country, but a dialect known as French Creole is spoken by the majority.

Haiti, discovered by Columbus (1492) and a French colony from 1677, attained its independence (1804), following the rebellion headed by Toussaint L'Ouverture (1791). Revolutions and bloodshed characterized its early political history. From 1910 to 1915 there were seven presidents: the last. Gen. Sam, assumed office (March 4, 1915), took refuge

in the French Legation (July 26, 1915) after 167 political prisoners had been massacred in jail. and at the funeral of the victims he was dragged out and killed. Two nours later a United States cruiser landed marines at Port-au-Prince. United States

forces occupied the country and restored order. The American occupation terminated (Aug. 14, 1934). A fiscal representative appointed by the President of Haiti on recommendation of President Franklin D. Roosevelt remained to supervise the customs.

Administration of the Republic is carried on by departments under the direction of the President. The only military force is an armed constabulary (Garde d'Haiti) consisting of 2,500 officers and

men.

Elie Lescot was elected (April 15, 1941) President for a five-year term by Congress by a vote of 56 to 2.

The unit of currency is the gourde with an average value of $.20.

Government receipts (1939-1940) were estimated at 5,837,800 gourdes; expenditures 5,837,796. Honduras

(REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS) Capital, Tegucigalpa-Area, 44,275 square miles-Population (1940), 1,105,504 Honduras is an agricultural and cattle raising antimony and coal. The chief export (65%) is state of Central America, bounded on the north by bananas, grown on the Caribbean coast. Oocoathe Caribbean Sea, on the east and south by nuts, coffee and tobacco are other important products. Nicaragua, on the south and west by Salvador and on the west by Guatemala.

The coast line on the Caribbean is 400 miles long. the chief ports being Truxillo, Tela, Puerto Cortez, Omoa, Roatan and La Ceiba. On the Pacific side it has a coast line of 40 miles on the Gulf of Fonseca. The country is mountainous, very fertile, though mostly uncultivated, and covered with rich forests. It is about the size of Pennsylvania. The inhabitants are chiefly Indians with an admixture of Spanish blood.

Mineral resources are abundant but undeveloped, and includes gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron,

The President is elected for six years, as are the members of the only legislative house-the Chamber of Deputies. The term of Dr. Tiburcio Carias Andino, who became President (Feb. 1, 1933) was extended by the Congress (1937) until Jan. 1, 1943.

Education is compulsory. There is a university in the capital. Roman Catholic is the prevailing religion. The language is Spanish.

Military service is compulsory. The monetary unit is the lempira with an average value of $.49. The budget (1940-1941) is estimated to balance at 10,848,005 lempiras.

Hungary

(KINGDOM OF HUNGARY) (MAGYAR ORSZAG)
Capital, Budapest-Area, 63,810 square miles-Population (1940), 14,471,543
Hungary for a thousand years has been the
abode of the Magyars. Formerly a kingdom in
the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it was much re-
duced in size by the Treaty of the Trianon (June
4, 1920) losing Transylvania to Rumania, Croatia
and Batchka to Yugoslavia, as well as Upper
Hungary (i.e. Slovakia and Carpatho-Ruthenia)
to Czecho-Slovakia. Pre-war it had 21,000,000
population on 125,608 square miles of territory.
It is bounded by Czecho-Slovakia on the north,
Yugoslavia on the south, Rumania on the east and
Germany (Austria) on the west.

in the district of Pecs. Other industries are mill-
ing, distilling, manufacture of sugar, hemp, flax,
iron and steel. About three-quarters of her oil
found in the wells recently
requirements are
drilled by American interests in the southwest
corner of Trans-Danubia. Hungary had to import,
among other prime necessaries, timber and salt
since her dismemberment (1918), but with the
return of the northern provinces, she abounds in
forests and has salt well above her needs.

In the dismemberment of Czecho-Slovakia (1938) Hungary obtained, by virtue of the Vienna arbitral award, the predominantly Magyar-populated south-eastern strip of Slovakia and a part of Subcarpathian Russia. Hungary incorporated (March, 1939) within her boundaries the rest of Subcarpathian Russia and a strip of territory in Eastern Slovakia. By these annexations Hungary added 9,261 miles of territory with a population of 1,728,000.

The Vienna Conference (Germany and Italy) awarded to Hungary (1940) approximately half of Rumania's Transylvania territory with an area of 16,642 square miles and a population of 2,633,000. The award returned to Hungary a large share of the property she had lost in the settlement after the World War but to which she never had renounced her claims. Also returned to Hungary were Batchka province, the Baranya triangle and the Murakos district.

Budapest, the Hungarian capital, is built on both banks of the Danube, the two parts, Buda and Pest, being connected by bridges. Buda, the old city, with its background of wooded hillsides, its ancient buildings and narrow winding streets. and Pest, the modern metropolis with up-to-date architecture and wide tree-lined avenues, present a striking contrast.

It is in

Hungary is primarily an agricultural country. The principal Hungarian crops are wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, potatoes, sugar beets. the hilly country, near Tokay, in the northeast section of the country, that the best Hungarian wines are made. Another important wine district is situated along the north shore of Lake Balaton. Hungary's bauxite deposits are considered one of e largest in the world. The output of coal is exsive, particularly from the Mecsek Mountain

The monetary unit is the pengo with an average value of $.20. Government receipts (1941) were estimated at 2,063,230,000 pengoes, with expenditures of 2,084,442,000.

After the abdication of King Charles (Nov. 13, 1918), a republic was proclaimed with Michael Karolyi as president. A Bolshevik government with Bela Kun dominant was set up (March 22, 1919), but was swept away by public distrust. An elected government (March 23, 1920) declared Hungary a monarchy and named Admiral Nicholas Horthy (governor since Aug. 1919), as Regent. Ladislaus Bardossy was named Premier (April 1, 1941) after the death of Count Paul Teleki. The legislature consists of two houses. upper house is composed of representatives of former hereditary members and people of distinction in the national life. The lower house has approximately 260 members elected by a restrictive franchise extended to men over 24 and literate, and to womeu over 30, who have had three children or have earned an independent livelihood or have had a diploma from an institution of higher education or who are wives of secondary school or college graduates.

The

At the elections (May 28-29, 1939) the following parties were elected: Party of National Unity, 186; National Socialist, 45; Agrarian, 14; Socialist, 5; Liberal, 5: Christian, 3; Independents, 2. The total number of ballots cast was 3,928,334, of which the government parties polled 2,137,667 or about 54 per cent of the total.

There is no state religion. The religious affiliation of the population (1930) is as followsRoman Catholic, 64.9%; Reformed Calvinists, 20.9%; Augsburg Evangelicals, 6.1%; Jews, 5.1%; Greek Catholics, 2.3%; Greek Orientals, 0.5%; Unitarians, 0.1%. There are six universities, all maintained by the State. Education is compulsory. All males between the ages of 18 and 60 are liable to military service. Active service is two years

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