Pactolus, in Lydia; like the Tagus, it was supposed to have gold in the sand of its bed.

300. Sufficient; ei is understood as indirect object, the subject is panni. 302. Picta tempestate. Cf. XII, 27, note. A rude picture of the shipwreck was carried about to excite pity.

305. Amis, fire-buckets.

306. Licinus. Cf. I, 109; possideo plus Pallante et Licinis. Attonitus, anxious.

307. Electro, amber.

308. Testudine. Cf. XI, 94; qualis testudo nataret.

Dolia, jars (made of clay). They were sometimes very large, having a capacity of several barrels. Fragments three inches thick have been found at Antium. Diogenes, the Cynic, is said to have used a dolium as a house. When Alexander the Great saw him he pitied his poverty and told him to express some wish that he might grant it. Diogenes asked only that the great ruler would stand out of his light.

Nudi; perhaps because the Cynics did not wear the tunic. Cf. XIII, 122; a Cynicis tunica distantia.

310. Plumbo commissa, patched up with lead.

311. Illa refers, as often, to something well known.

315. This line occurs X, 365.

318. In quantum; for the usual prose construction quantum; cf. English, to ask a reward, and to ask for a reward.

319. Epicurus is said to have gathered his scholars about him in his garden; the Epicurean school of philosophy is sometimes called "the Garden," as the Stoic is called "the Porch." Cf. XIII, 120 ff.

320. Ante, temporal adverb. Socrates died 399 B. C., Epicurus 270 B. c. 321. Nature and true philosophy always teach the same lesson.

322. Te cludere, to hem you in.

323. Effice, procure.

324. Bis septem ordinibus-i. c., for the knights, who occupied the first fourteen rows of seats in the theatre, in accordance with the law of Otho, passed 65 B. c. Cf. Hor. Epist. 1, 1, 67.

Dignatur, thinks fitting.

325. If you frown and pout at this.

326. Duos equites-i. e., two equestrian fortunes.

329. Narcissi. The favorite freedman of Claudius. His wealth was proverbial. He gained such control of his imperial master, that Claudius had Messalina put to death at his bidding.

SATIRE XV.

A CASE OF CANNIBALISM.

INTRODUCTION.-The superstitions of the Egyptians are well known; they revere certain animals and abstain from certain vegetables, but they eat human flesh. When Ulysses told his stories of cannibals, they were thought incredible, but I have such a tale of recent times. Ombi and Tentyra were waging a religious war. The Ombites were attacked in the midst of a festival by their enemies; first their fists were their weapons, then they hurled such stones as the weak muscles of the present race of men can lift, then swords and arrows are used. One man as he falls in flight is seized and his flesh devoured. True, the Vascones ate human flesh when a long siege had brought famine, but that was before the philosophy of Zeno had taught men that some things are worse than even death. Other peoples of whom like tales are told had excuse, but this Egyptian tribe had none. Nature teaches men mercy and pity, thus they are distinguished from the beasts. This common sympathy holds peoples together, but now it seems that men may be more cruel than the beasts themselves. What would Pythagoras have said to such a tale?

1. Volusi, unknown.

2. Crocodilon. Cicero, de Nat. Deor. I, 36, mentions the crocodile among the objects of Egyptian animal-worship; he says of the ibis, "Ibes maximam vim serpentium conficiunt."

4. Cercopitheci, long-tailed ape.

5. Dimidio Memnone. The Greeks related that music proceeded from the colossal statue of Memnon at sunrise. For dimidio, cf. VIII, 4.

6. Thebe, nom. sing. The usual form is Thebae.

Centum portis; ablative of characteristic.

7. Aeluros, cats. I have not ventured to change the text, but am strongly inclined to think that the reading of the MSS. caeruleos (= sea-fish) [P. has aeruleos] is correct.

9. Caepe, onion.

15. Alcinoo. When Ulysses was telling his adventures at the court of Alcinous, king of the l'hacacians, and described the cannibal Laestrygones and Cyclopes, some of his hearers declared they were ready to believe all his other adventures more readily than these.

16. Moverat-i. e., had roused, even while he was speaking.

Aretalogus, used of a degenerate, parasitic philosopher, it came to mean boaster, babbler.

19. Concurrentia, clashing.

20. Cyaneis (fluctibus) is probably dative. The Cyaneae were islands in the Bosporus.

21. Percussum agrees with Elpenora.

Circes, genitive.

22. Some of Ulysses's companions were changed to swine by the wand of Circe.

24. Minimum temetum, very little wine.

27. Nuper consule Iunco. Iuncus was consul 127 a. D.

28. Super, above-i. e., higher up the river.

Copti. Coptos was near the Nile, about ten miles north of Thebes.

29. Cothurnis-i. e., than the terrible deeds of the tragic drama. Cf. Fig. 33.

30. A Pyrrha-i. e., from the time of the flood. Cf. I, 81, note. Syrmata, tragic robes tragedies.

33. Finitimos, neighbors; but Ombi and Tentyra were about one hundred miles apart. Perhaps Juvenal made a mistake, and perhaps he did not intend to be exact.

Simultas, feud.

36. Volgo, dative.

40. Primoribus ac ducibus, dative.

42. Sentirent, subject is their neighbors.

43. Pervigili toro. Cf. VIII, 158, and Fig. 8. Quem; its antecedent is toro.

44. Horrida sane, etc. These lines are authority for the statement that Juvenal had visited Egypt.

46, Barbara turba, the barbarian horde

i. e., the Egyptians in general.

FIG. 81.-Tibicen.

Canopo, a town at the mouth of the Nile, famous for dissolute luxury.

47. Adde connects what follows with line 40.

48. Blaesis, properly used of persons that lisp, applies here to those whose utterance was thick from intoxication.

Inde, among the one people; Hinc (line 51), among the other.

55. Vix cuiquam aut nulli, scarcely any one, or (rather) no one.

57. Alias-i. e., changed, unrecognizable.

60. Calcent. Why not indicative?

61. Quo, to what purpose.

63. Inclinatis lacertis-i. e., stooping down.

65. Turnus et Aiax; these ancient heroes hurled mighty rocks. 66. Tydides, Diomedes.

72. A deverticulo, after this digression.

73. Aucti and pars altera refer to the same party-i. e., the Ombites.

75. Praestant, its subject is ii, to be supplied as the antecedent of qui in line 76.

82. Veribus, spits.

Usque adeo, so very. 84. Hic, adverb.

86. Te-i. e., Volusius; others make it refer to the fire.

88. Sustinuit. Cf. English, "I can not bear to do it," and XIV, 127. 90. Prima gula, the first palate-i. e., the first one that tasted the dread

ful food.

93. Vascones, the Basques. The inhabitants of Calagurris were reduced by famine to cannibalism.

94. Produxere animas = produxere vitam.

95. Bellorum ultima, the extremities of war.

Casus extremi, the climax of misfortune.

97. Huius, such.

Quod nunc agitur-i. e., when men are driven to it by famine. The antecedent of quod is exemplum; agere means to treat of.

98. Sicut, as, for instance.

Mihi, dative of apparent agent.

Gens, subject of lacerabant.

100. Hostibus-miserantibus, ablative absolute.

102. Esse, from edo.

104. Urbibus; this seems to be the reading of the best MS., and is certainly better than viribus or ventribus.

105. Quibus iis quibus.

108. Sed Cantaber, etc.-i. e., how can we expect Zeno's stern philosophy from the Cantabrians, especially in ancient times?

109. Metelli. Q. Metellus Pius fought against Sertorius in Spain.

110 ff. In these times culture extends over the whole world.

112. Thyle stands for the northern limit of the world.

113. Nobilis ille populus-i. e., Calagurris.

114. Zacynthos (commonly Saguntum), a town in Spain, the attack upon which by Hannibal was the ostensible cause of the second Punic war.

115. Tale, habet must be understood; its subject as well as that of excusat is populus-et-Zacynthos.

Excusat allege in excuse.

Maeotide ara.

Diana had an altar in the Tauric Chersonese, on which shipwrecked strangers were sacrificed.

117. Ut iam-credas. Cf. XIV, 240; X, 174. Carmina is nominative.

=

119. Modo is variously explained. I think it is temporal just now. 120. Hos, the Egyptians.

122. Terra Memphitide sicca-i. e., if the land of Memphis were oppressed with drought.

123. Invidiam, insult. Could they offer greater insult to the Nile under

the greatest provocation than to commit such a crime?

124. Qua-i. e., rabie.

FIG. 82.-Phaselus.

125. Sauromatae and Agathyrsi, Scythian tribes.

127. Fictilibus phaselis. Some of the Egyptian boats were made of a sort of clay; were shaped like a bean (phaselus, cf. Figs. 82 and 83), and gaudily painted.

128. Pictae testae, used contemptuously of such a boat as those described above.

134. Causam dicentis, pleading his case. Squalorem refers to the custom of a defendant putting on a mourning garment. With this reading amici and rei both depend on squalorem. Others with less authority read casum lugentis.

136. Circumscriptorem, a technical term for an unfaithful guardian. Cf. XIV, 237.

Cuius, antecedent is pupillum.

137. Puellares capilli. Boys wore their hair long until they put on the toga virilis.

FIG. 83.-Egyptian phaselus.

Incerta; the boy is so young that his long hair makes him look like a girl.

140. Minor igne rogi, too small for the funeral pyre. The bodies of very young children were buried not burned. For the construction, cf. lectus Procula minor, III, 203.

Face dignus arcana. In the Eleusinian mysteries there was a procession with torches.