lity that announce the approach of vomiting," will immediately take place. To what can this be owing but to diminished energy of the brain? Diminish it no further, then,. by "nausea" or "vomiting."

The third remedy which Dr. Clutterbuck proposes for fever is purging.

"As being a debilitating remedy, however, purging as well as blood-letting has been in a great measure discarded from modern practice in fevers. Yet there is much satisfactory evidence to show, that it may be employed with advantage in fevers of various descriptions, even such as are characterised by great debility, as the low fever or typhus mitior, and remittents."

P. 301.

Our author having adduced the "evidence" to which he alludes, proceeds to remark, on the other side of the question, that

"Some practitioners have denied altogether the utility of purging in fevers, asserting at the same time that they tend to produce relapse. Dr. Fordyce, speaking on this subject, observes, that such 'evacuation (namely, purging) has never, in any degree, removed the fever, or prevented it from pursuing its ordinary course.' He has also seen, he says, relapses much more frequently take place when purgatives have been employed after a marked crisis, or after 'the disease has gradually subsided, than when purgatives have not 'been employed. I am not disposed to question the accuracy of Dr. Fordyce's observation, as far as this goes; but his conclusion may be fairly supposed to be too general, since it is in opposition to the experience of others, possessed of scarcely inferior means of judging.

"

P. 308.

"I may repeat here, with regard to purgatives, what was formerly remarked of blood-letting as a remedy for fever that there are circumstances of the disease under which they are not only safe, but effectual in carrying it off altogether: we have yet, however, much to learn upon the subject. They may be proper and efficacious at one period of the disease, and hurtful at another; and their use may be limited by a variety of circumstances that are not yet fully understood. Still the general fact recurs, that they do occasionally cure fever: nor do they seem more uncertain in this respect than in the cure of other inflammations.' P. 309.

(To be continued.)

Barrow's Account of the Public Life of Lord Macartney.

[Concluded from P. 38 of this Volume.]

WE have now to notice his lordship's literary labours,. abstracts of which constitute the second volume of these Memoirs. The first article is an account of Russia in 1767, and displays all that characteristic energy, that sententious brevity of expression, which prove, that, however the author might speculatively prefer Livy and Sallust to Tacitus, the latter is the writer whose spirit and manner were most congenial to him. The population of the vast empire of Russia, during our author's embassy, exceeded twenty-eight millions; two of which were burghers, manufacturers, merchants, and mechanics, and only one of farmers all the others were nobles, slaves, or savages! Since that period, the population has somewhat encreased, and a few of the serfs, or agricultural slaves, have been enfranchised and become farmers; but the number of savages or "wild nations" has not diminished, nor has civilisation been perceptibly extended. Russia, however, in the midst of political disgrace, disaster, and ignominy, has made one great and fortunate conquest, should she be able to retain it; we mean, the university and professors of Abo, in Finland. All the hotbed colleges, academies, and universities, which the autocrats of all the Russias have hitherto been able to establish at Moscow or Petersburgh, cannot be compared with the learned and respectable seminary of Abo. Russia, indeed, possesses nothing congenial to learning, arts, and sciences-no men men of learning have ever yet appeared in that country, except some German, Prussian, or Scotch adventurers, who have vainly attempted to enlighten the uncultivated minds of Russian braggarts, gascons, or boors, No people, who carry gasconade, luxury, and licentiousness to the utmost limits of human power, will ever attain any distinguished rank in the scale of rational existence; nor will any government, administered under the caprices and passions of mistresses, ever make a nation happy or prosperous. is equally certain, that civilisation cannot be very rapid, in a country where one third of the whole population is in a savage state, one fifth vassals of the crown, and one fourth vassals of the nobles; that is, where nearly the half of all the inhabitants is in a state of slavery, bound to the soil, and sold or bought with it like the houses in which

It

they dwell; and where the greater part of the remainder leads a wandering and savage life, travelling in families from place to place, like the Arabs. The sketch of the Russian character, although designed nearly forty years ago, will we apprehend be found sufficiently correct, even at the present day. His lordship remarks, that "general portraits are oftener overcharged with the drapery of a rhetorician, than marked by the free and natural outline of the historian and philosopher; yet I am conscious the following picture is not liable to such an imputation." After observing that the "great variety of the shades of character which mark the different ranks of people," renders it necessary to divide them into classes; he proceeds:

"The common people, though not laborious, are strong and hardy, patiently bearing the extremes of heat, cold, and hunger to an astonishing degree; yet, in general, they are lazy in body, indolent of mind, and sensual to excess, knowing no happiness beyond the gratifications of drunkenness and gluttony; they are hospitable, charitable, and good-natured; nay, what may seem incredible to a foreigner, they are humane, and can by no means be justly accused of cruelty: the several late revolutions of government in this country are sufficient to plead against such a charge, where so little blood was shed, though the soldiery was let loose, while furious from provocation and thirsty for

revenge.

"They possess a great deal of natural shrewdness and sagacity, have a strong turn for ridicule, and in their general transactions of business acquit themselves with uncommon cunning and address. The advantages, however, which might arise to the public from their understanding and penetration, are considerably lessened by their superstitious and obstinate attachment to ancient customs, which strangles in its cradle almost every child of improvement or discovery: those few which have arrived to any degree of maturity in this country owe their birth, or at least their education, to foreigners.

"The Russians, however, when properly managed, when soothed by persuasion, allured by profit, or animated by example, become extremely docile, and learn all mechanic arts with surprising facility. They generally pass for being knavish, yet surely they possess a greater share of honesty than we have any right to expect; for, considering the temptations they are exposed to, the abolition of capital punishment, and the little disgrace of successful villany and corruption in the highest ranks of people, it is astonishing that any integrity at all should be found among the commonality.

They are handsome in their persons, easy and unaffected in their behaviour; and, though free and manly in their carriage, are obedient and submissive to their superiors, and of a civility and politeness to their equals which is scarcely to be parallelled. In

their houses though they live with little order or cleanliness, yet they are rather epicures in their table, neat in their persons, and decent in their dress.

"Their habit is equally adapted to health and convenience, and extremely well suited to their usual occupations; the upper garment is a short wide coat without plaits, which wraps over, and is fastened round the waist with a sash; in winter they wear underneath it a sort of waistcoat lined with sheepskin, which defends them from the rigor of the cold; their necks and upper part of the breast are usually bare, but their feet and legs are constantly well covered with warm boots: on their heads they wear a cap either of cloth or fur, according to the season. All the lower sort, except livery servants, and those who belong to the military, wear their beards, and cherish them with religious attachment.

"The common Russian, though not actively brave, is unaccountably indifferent to the love of life, or the terrors of death, and bears punishment and tortures with incredible fortitude: thus ignorance and insensibility often produce among them such examples of resignation and contempt of pain, as shame the legends of martyrs and the boast of heroes. They are not malicious or vindictive, their active passions being neither violent nor dangerous; as their resentments are not gloomy nor lasting, so their friendship is not permanent or warm. Indeed, all the affections of the soul seem weaker in them than in most other nations; they are, therefore, formed to be commanded, and perhaps the sovereign despotism which reigns here owed it rise, in the beginning, to an attentive observation of this part of their character. They possess most of the military qualities, enterprise excepted; and in point of obedience, discipline, and passive valor, make incomparable soldiers." P. 28.

Having said thus much of the common people or peasants, I come now to speak of the second class, the burghers and traders, .commonly called merchants; though, according to our acceptation of the word, there are very few, if any, who deserve the appellation. The eminent manufacturers, the rich wholesale dealers, neither of which are very numerous, the country chapmen, shopkeepers, and pedlars, compose this class. They are, in general, a very orderly sort of people, equally decent in their houses, and in their appearance; but comparatively much more awkward and embarrassed in their carriage than the peasants; whether that, by oftener conversing with the great, they grow affected from imitation, or, by dealing with foreigners, they grow modest from conscious inferiority, I will not pretend to determine. It is said that, anciently as they were more simple in their manners, they were also more just in their dealings; but now, though they avoid every open and flagrant act of knavery, yet they are by no means averse to the more secret and secure arts of dishonesty.

"In the inner parts of the country, they are supposed to be more virtuous; indeed, it is but fair to observe, that the most

knavish, among the merchants, are those who have the most frequent transactions with foreigners: whether they are corrupted by ill example, excited by a spirit of rivalship and vanity which induces them to prove their talents at the expence of their integrity, or that a lust of lucre prevails over every other consideration. They are, notwithstanding, supposed to be the most devout and religious class of people in the empire.

"Their piety, however, as well as that of the peasants, is reducible to a very few rules of duty; the principal of which are, abstinence in Lent, intoxication on holidays, and confession and sacrament at Easter. But there are two points of natural religion to which they adhere, and which seem very extraordinary in a people who appear so negligent of most others: the one is an extreme veneration, obedience, and respect for their parents; few instances of undutifulness or ingratitude to them being to be found here; the other regards their scrupulosity in taking an oath; in general they have a great aversion to submit to such an obligation, and, in civil causes, it is common to see each party refer his adversary to be sworn rather than to be sworn himself. I must observe, however, that this horror of perjury extends only to those cases, where a man swears against his better knowledge, and not at all to oaths of office, which are hourly taken and violated without fear or hesitation.

"Before I conclude this article I must remark one thing which is equally true and extraordinary; though the Russians are in general extremely eager in pursuit of gain, and uncommonly sharp in their dealings, yet they are either entirely inattentive to the true principles of commerce, or incapable of attaining them: for notwithstanding their constant intercourse with the chief trading nations of Europe during two hundred years past; notwithstanding they must see the able manner in which other merchants carry on their business, and the advantages resulting from it; yet among the Russian burghers few of them can write, and not one in a thousand has learned our common arithmetic. To this day there is not a Russian compting-house established in any foreign country: they continue to sell their commodities to the factor, and not to the principal, few of them choosing to freight a ship upon their own account, having no idea of that extensive credit which is the soul of commerce; being impatient of returns, and unwilling to trust to the faith of distant correspondents, whom they cannot believe more honest or more punctual than themselves.

"As to the clergy, their order has been brought very low, and their authority entirely annihilated. The common priests are usually of the meanest extraction and lowest education, and are treated accordingly the monks alone, and the dignified clergy who are usually monks, possess the little theological literature that remains bere: this extends only to a slight notion of ecclesiastical history, of ancient controversy, and of the lives and writings of the Greek fathers.

Though it is no uncommon thing to see persons, even ladies, of the first rank kiss the hand of a priest, it merely proceeds from superstitious custom, and not from any real deference or devotion;