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"parts, foul and body, the whole perfon may say of this, or that part of him, the foul of me, or the body of me. But if "he were either all foul, or all body, and "nothing elfe, he could not speak in this 66 manner *

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According to this merely verbal argument, there ought to be fomething in man befides all the parts of which he confifts. When a man fays, I devote my foul and body, what is it that makes the devotement? It cannot be the things devoted, Befides, in Mr. Wollafton's own phrafe, it ought, in strictnefs, to be the body only that fays my foul. Nothing furely can be inferred from fuch phrafeology as this, which, after all, is only derived from vulgar apprehenfions.

OBJECTION X. From the different Interefts in Man,

"It is plain there are two different interefts "in man, on one fide reafon, on the other paffion, which, being many times directly "oppofite, muft belong to different fubjects. "There are upon many occafions contefts, and, as it were, wars between the mind " and the body, fo far are they from being "the fame thing +."

I answer, the paffions themselves are more evidently at variance than paffion and reafon, and, therefore, by the fame argument, * Wollafton, P. 350 + Wollaston, p. 350.

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ought to be referred to different fubftances in the human conftitution. If Mr. Wollafton meant to refer the paffions to the body, there will be fome danger left defire, will, and other faculties, always acknowledged to be mental, fhould go with them; and fo, before he is aware of it, the whole man will be material, there being nothing left to belong to, or conftitute the immaterial foul.

OBJECTION XI. From the Mind Supporting the Body.

"We may perceive fomething within us. "which fupports the body (keeps it up) di"rects its motions for the better preservation "of it; when any hurts or evils befall it, "finds out the means of its cure, and the like,

without which it would fall to the ground, "and undergo the fate of common matter. "The body, therefore, must be confidered "as being under the direction and tuition of "fome other thing, which is (or should be) "the governor of it, and confequently, upon "this account, must be concluded to be dif"ferent from it *."

I answer, we also fay, that reason controuls and directs the paffions, influences the will, and makes ufe of the memory, that thofe and all the other faculties of, the mind are fubfervient to reason, &c. But does it therefore

* Wollafton, p. 35o,

follow,

follow, that they belong to a different fubftance ?

OBJECTION XII. From the Self-moving Power of the Soul.

The foul is reprefented by Mr. Baxter, and others, as effentially active, and poffeffed of a felf-moving power, in oppofition to matter, which is neceffarily inert and paffive.

But if we afk on what authority thefe pofitions are advanced, it is impoffible they fhould produce a fingle appearance in favour of them. The foul, in its present state, and we have nothing elfe by which to judge of its powers, has not a fingle idea but what it receives by means of the organs of sense; and till it has got ideas, it is impoffible that any of its powers, active, or paffive, could have the leaft employment; fo that they could not appear even to exist. Senfations and ideas comprehend all the objects of thought, and all the exertions, or emotions of the foul, as far as we can obferve, always fucceed fenfations or ideas; and, to all appearance, are as much occafioned and produced by them, as any effect in nature can be faid to be produced by its proper caufe; the one invariably following the other, according to a certain eftablished law.

In fact, a ball, acted upon by a foreign mechanical impulfe, may juft as well be faid to

have a felf-moving power as the foul of man fenfations and ideas being as properly an impelling force refpecting the mind (fince they always precede, and regulate both the judgment and the will) as the stroke of a rod, &c. is an impelling force with refpect to the ball. Nothing can prove a self-moving power in the foul, but a clear cafe of the decifion of the judgment, a determination of the will, or fome other exertion of the mental faculties, without any preceding fenfations or ideas; or, at leaft, without fuch as ufually precede fuch judgments, determinations, or exertions. But while thofe fenfations and ideas, which cannot be denied to have a real influence upon the mind, always precede mental determinations, &c. it is impoffible not to conclude, according to the established rules of philofophizing, that those fenfations and ideas are the proper moving powers of the foul; and that without them it would have been incapable of any motion or determination whatever. And this, if we judge at all from obfervation and experience, we must conclude to be actually the cafe.

OBJECTION XIII. From the unwearied Nature of the thinking Principle.

Mr. Baxter likewife fays*, That " the con"fideration of the indefeafiblenefs, or un

*

Effay on the Human Soul, p. 433.

" weariedness

"weariednefs of the principle of thought in us, fhould perfectly fatisfy us of the immateriality of our thinking part. We feel "our bodies every now and then finking down "under their own infirmities; but the thing "that thinks in us would never give over, if "the body could keep up with it. It is bufy "all the day with the body, and all the night "without the body, and all the day with the

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66

body again; and thus in a constant circle, "without refpite or intermiffion, that we can perceive by our ftricteft inquiry. For the body no fooner finks down in wearinefs and flumber, than this thing within us enters "C upon other fcenes of action, and hears and "fees things worth inquiring into, and this "without a fubferviency of its organs, which "are then difabled from their function."

This is altogether a mifreprefentation of the fact. The brain, indeed, is a thing fo far diftinct from the rest of the fyftem, as that it may be but little affected by feveral disorders, under which the reft of the fyftem may labour; as the legs may be found while the arms are difeafed, or rather as the bones may continue found, while the mufcular flesh is difordered, &c. In a cafe of this kind, where the brain is not itself immediately affected, as the thinking faculty depends upon the brain, it may be vigorous, when the rest of the body is very languid. But that the foul enters upon new fcenes of action, without the help of the body in fleep, is destitute of any one fact

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