Science in History

achieved advance agriculture already animals Aristotle astronomy atomic become beginning biology bourgeoisie Britain Bronze Age capitalism capitalist centre chemical chemistry civilization classical countries culture Descartes discovery disease early economic effect eighteenth century electricity electrons Empire engineering enormous essentially Europe experience fact feudal field forces Galileo Greek Hellenistic human ideas important improved Industrial Revolution influence intellectual interest Iron Age Islamic Islamic science J. J. Thomson knowledge labour largely later limited living Marx Marxist material mathematical means mechanical medicine medieval ment metal methods modern molecules movement natural sciences nineteenth century organisms original particularly period philosophy physical sciences Plato political possible practical problems production rational religion Renaissance result scientific scientists Second World War social sciences socialist society Soviet Union technical techniques theory thought tion trade tradition transformation twentieth century universe whole workers