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Sec. 7. And be it enacted, That the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company shall be entitled to charge and take for conveying each person the whole distance between the cities of Baltimore and Washington, not exceeding one dollar and seventy-five cents.

Western Shore of Maryland, shall be satisfied by||mote Internal Improvement, by the construction|| he had to encounter are of so interesting a nathe exhibition of the list of subscriptions, verified of a Railroad from Baltimore to the city of Wash-ture, that we had better give a description of his by the oath or affirmation of the President or ington," must be made within six months after labors somewhat more in detail. The principle chief officer of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad the passage of this act; and the subscription au- laid down at the commencement of this business Company, that the sum of six hundred thousand thorised in like manner by the Corporations, reflects much honour on the noble undertaker, as dollars has been bona fide subscribed to the stock owning the Turnpike Road between the cities well as upon his engineer. It was resolved that of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, of Baltimore and Washington, must be made the canal should be perfect in its kind, and that, to be applied to the construction of a Railroad within ninety days after the passage of this act in order to preserve the level of the water, it from Baltimore to the city of Washington, upon --or the right to make such subscriptions shall should be free from the usual obstructions of locks. books to be opened for that purpose by the said cease and determine. But, in accomplishing this end, many difficulties Company, agreeably to the first section of the occurred, which were deemed insurmountable. act, entitled "A supplement to the act, entitled It was necessary that the canal should be carried An act to promote Internal Improvement by the over rivers, and many large and deep valleys, construction of a Railroad from Baltimore to the where it was evident that such stupendous mounds city of Washington," the said Treasurer of the of earth must be raised, as could scarcely, it was Western Shore shall subscribe, on behalf of the thought, be completed by the labor of ages: and, State of Maryland, the sum of three hundred Sec. 8. And be it enacted, That the Baltimore above all, it was not known from what source so thousand dollars, to the stock of the said Compa- and Ohio Railroad Company shall pay to the large a supply of water could be drawn, as, even ny, to be applied to the construction of a Rail Treasurer of the Western Shore of Maryland, on upon this improved plan, would be requisite for road, from Baltimore to the city of Washington; the first day of January in each and every year, the navigation. But Mr. Brindley, with a strength the instalments on which sum shall be paid as for the use of the State, the sum of twenty-five of mind peculiar to himself, and being possessed called for by the said company, in certificates of cents for each person transported the whole dis-of the confidence of his great patron, who sparstock of the State of Maryland, bearing an inter- tance between the cities of Baltimore and Wash-ed no expense to accomplish his favorite design, est of four and a half per centum per annum, in ington, by the said Company, during the year conquered all the embarrassments thrown in his the same manner, and upon the production of last preceding; and it shall be the duty of the way, not only from the nature of the undertaksuch proof as is required by the act passed at President or chief officer of the Baltimore and ing itself, but by the passions and prejudices of December session, eighteen hundred and twenty- Ohio Railroad Company, to report on oath or af interested individuals: and the admirable maseven, entitled "A supplement to the act, enti- firmation, to the General Assembly, on the 1st day chines he contrived, and the methods he took, to tled An act for the promotion of Internal Improve- of January, or as soon thereafter as the said As- facilitate the progress of the work, brought on ment," chapter 104. sembly shall convene, in each and every year, the such a rapid execution of it, that the world beSec. 2. And be it enacted, That the whole number of persons transported the whole distance gan to wonder how it could have been esteemed amount which shall be subscribed by the State of between the cities of Baltimore and Washington so difficult. Thus ready are men to find out preMaryland, individuals, and corporations, to the during the preceding year. tences for lessening the merit of others, and for Stock of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Com- Sec. 9. And be it enacted, That the times hiding, if possible, from themselves, the unpleapany, to be applied to the construction of the limited in the eighth section of this act, entitled, sant idea of their own inferiority. said Railroad from Baltimore to the city of Wash-a supplement to an act to promote Internal Imington, shall be considered as a separate and dis-provement, by the construction of a Railroad from tinct stock for and during the space of sixteen Baltimore to the city of Washington, for the years from declaring and paying the second half commencement of the actual construction of the yearly dividend of the nett profits derived from the use of the said Railroad from Baltimore to the city of Washington, as provided in the ninth section of the supplement passed at December session, eighteen hundred and thirty-one, to the original act authorising its construction.

When the canal was completed as far as Barton, where the Irwell is navigable for large vessels, Mr. Brindley proposed to carry it over that river, by an aqueduct of 39 feet above the surface the water. This, however, being generally considered as a wild and extravagant project, he desired, in order to justify his conduct towards Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That all his noble employer, that the opinion of another such parts of the original act, and the supplement engineer might be taken; believing that he could thereto, as are at all inconsistent with the provi- easily convince an intelligent person of the pracsions of this act, be, and the same is hereby re-ticability of his design. A gentlemau of emi

said road from Baltimore to the city of Washing-of
ton, be extended to eighteen months from the
passage of this act.

Sec. 3. And be it enacted, That the capital upon which the nett profits derived from the usepealed. of the said Railroad shall be apportioned, and which is to be taken and held as separate and distinct for the construction of the said Railroad from Baltimore to the city of Washington, shall be ascertained and estimated as is provided for by the fifth section of the said supplement, passed at December session, eighteen hundred and thirty-one.

nence was accordingly called in; who, being conducted to the place where it was intended that the aqueduct should be made, ridiculed the [From Partington's British Cyclopædia.] attempt; and when the height and dimensions CANALS OF GREAT BRITAIN.-The English were communicated to him, he exclaimed, “I were a century after the French in commencing have often heard of castles in the air, but never the construction of canals upon a large scale. before was shown where any of them were to be The first considerable work of this description erected." This unfavorable verdict did not dewas the Sankey Canal, for which an act of par-ter the Duke of Bridgewater from following the Sec. 4. And be it enacted, That the right liament was passed in 1755; the object of the opinion of his own engineer. The aqueduct was heretofore reserved to the State of Maryland, to act being the improvement of the navigation of immediately begun; and it was carried on with hold the sum subscribed by it to the stock of the Sankey Brook; which plan was afterwards chang- such rapidity and success, as astonished all those Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, to be led to that of a separate canal of 12 miles in length. who but a little before condemned it as a chimeapplied to the construction of the said road from While the work on this canal was in progress, rical scheme. This work commenced in SeptemBaltimore to the city of Washington, as a sepa- in 1758, the Duke of Bridgewater obtained an ber, 1760, and the first boat sailed over it on the rate and distinct stock, so far as the same is in-act of parliament for making Worsley Brook na- 17th of July, 1761. From that time, it was not consistent with the provisions of this act, and the vigable from Worsley Mill to the river Irwell, for uncommon to see a boat loaded with forty tons same is hereby repealed. the purpose of facilitating the transportation of drawn over the aqueduct, with great ease, by one Sec. 5. And be it enacted, That the Baltimore coals from his estate to Manchester; but seeing or two mules; while below, against the stream and Ohio Railroad Company, be, and it is hereby the advantages of still-water navigation over that of the Irwell, persons had the pain of beholding authorised to subscribe to all such portion of the of a river, he conceived the project of a canal ten or twelve men tugging at an equal draught: stock necessary to complete the said road from over dry land, passing the river Irwell by an a striking instance of the superiority of a canal Baltimore to the city of Washington, which may aqueduct, and thus making a communication be-navigation over that of a river not in the tideremain unsubscribed at the end of thirty days af- tween his coal mines and the town of Manches- way. The works were then extended to Manter the books required to be opened by this act, ter on one level. The plan was subsequently chester, at which place the curious machine for and the acts to which it is a supplement, shall extended, and the duke, who lived 14 years after landing coals upon the top of the hill gives a have been opened for general subscription; and the commencement of the execution of his pro- pleasing idea of Mr. Brindley's address in diminthe President and Directors of the said Baltimore ject (he died in 1772, at the age of 56), devoted ishing labor by mechanical contrivances and Ohio Railroad Company shall be, and they his time and his fortune to the execution of this The following are the principal canals in Great are hereby authorised to borrow, from time to great work, with the assistance of an engineer Britain:-[Originally denotes the first assumed time, any sum or sums of money which may be distinguished for his genius. He diverted all his cost per share, where the actual cost is not asnecessary to enable them to pay the instalments resources into this channel, and to enlarge his certained :]

that may become due by them, on the stock so means for the undertaking, he limited his per- Aberdare-from Glamorganshire to Abernant; subscribed by them, for the construction of the sonal expenses to £400 a year, and is even sup-made 1793, length 74 miles, ascent and descent said road from Baltimore to the city of Washing-posed to have shortened his life in consequence 40 feet, or 5.5 per mile. Length of the boats, ton; and the said President and Directors are of the toils and anxiety attendant upon so ardu- 12 feet; breadth, 5. Number of shares, 221; also hereby authorised to pledge the property and ous an enterprise. It was a grand project, wor-originally, 1007. funds of the said company, as a security for the thy of the sacrifices he made to it. And it is a Aberdeenshire-from Aberdeen Harbor to Don payment of any and every sum so borrowed, and stupenduous monument, whereby his memory is River, at Inverary Bridge; made 1805, length 19 associated with the wealth and prosperity of our miles, ascent and descent 170 feet, or 8.8 per mile,

the interest thereon. Sec. 6. And be it enacted, That the subscrip- country. The works were projected by the cel-breadth 20 feet, depth 3; 17 locks. tion authorised to be made by the Mayor and ebrated engineer John Brindley, and executed Andover-from Southampton Water to AndoCity Council of Baltimore, under the act, entitled, under his direction, and constitute a lasting me-ver; made 1790, length 22 miles, ascent and "A supplement to the act, entitled an act to pro-morial of his genius and skill. The difficulties descent 177 feet, or 7.8 per mile. Has been par

tially abandoned. Number of shares, 350; originally, 1007.

Burrowstonness-made 1790, length 7 miles. Caistor-from Anchole to Caistor; made 1793, length 9 miles.

Ashby-de-la-Zouch-from the Coventry Canal, at Marston Bridge, to an iron railway, 3 miles Caldon and Uttoxeter-a branch of the Grand long, at Ticknall; made 1805, length 40 miles, Trunk Canal, terminating at Uttoxeter; 28 miles ascent and descent 224 feet, or 5.6 per mile. The in length, ascent and descent 126 feet, or 4.8 per first 30 miles are level, forming, with the Coven-mile. try and Oxford Canal, a level of 73 miles, without including the branches. It has tunnels at Ashbyde-la-Zouch and Snareton (the length of the two is 700 yards), and an iron railway, 6 miles in length, to the Cloudshill mines. It has 2 aqueduct bridges. At Boothorpe, a steam-engine is erected, to convey the water to a feeder for the summit-level. Number of shares, 1482; cost, 1187.; price in 1833, 74l.

Ashton-under-line, or Manchester and Oldham, and branches-from Rochdale Canal, at Manchester, to Huddersfield, at Duckenfield; made 1797, length 18 miles, ascent and descent 152 feet, or 9.4 per mile, breadth 33-15 feet, depth 5 feet; has 3 aqueduct bridges; boats of 25 tous burthen. Number of shares, 1760; average cost, 971. 18s.; price in 1833, 1207.

Assuming the number of miles operated upon to be 25, the canal cost 36,500l. per mile. It was constructed under the direction of Thos. Telford, Esq.

Cardiff, or Glamorganshire-from a sea-basin on the Severn, near Cardiff, to Merthyr; made 1775, length 25 miles, ascent and descent 600 feet, or 24 feet per mile; is connected with various railways, one of which is 263 miles long. Number of shares, 600; cost, 1727. 13s. 4d.; price in 1833, 2901.

Chester from the Dee, at Chester, to Nantwich, where it communicates with the Whitchurch branch of the Ellesmere canal; made 1775, length 171⁄2 miles, ascent and descent 170 feet, or 9.7 per mile.

Caledonian-made 1822, 217 miles in length, ascent and descent 1905 feet, or 8.6 per mile, breadth 40 bo., depth 20. This stupendous canal passes through a chain of lakes, or locks, and narrow arms of the sea; and by making 21 miles of canal, and deepening the beds of the rivers Lochy and Oich, and dredging to deepen a part of Loch Ness (in the whole a distance of 4 miles, making the total length of excavation 25 miles, with a lockage, up and down, Chesterfield-from the Trent at Stockwith, to of 190 feet), an interior navigation of 250 miles is Chesterfield; made 1776, length 46 miles, ascent opened across the central part of Scotland, from the and descent 380 feet, or 8.2 per mile; has 65 Murray Firth, on the eastern coast, to Cantyre on locks and 2 tunnels, together 2850 yards long, the western, and about opposite to the northern and 9 feet wide. The lower part of the canal coast of Ireland; being one-half of the distance of is navigable for boats of from 50 to 60 tons burthe navigation between the same extreme points, then, and the higher, being but 26 or 28 feet round the northern coast by the Orkneys. It broad, is navigable for boats of only 20 or 22 tons has 27 locks, including the tide locks, one of them burthen. These boats are 70 feet long and 7 170, but most, if not all the others, 180 feet long, feet broad. Number of shares, 1500; cost 1007.; and all forty feet wide, thus opening a ship na-price in 1833, 1767. vigation through the midst of the country, ris- Coventry a part of the line of canal between ing, at the summit level, 94 feet above the tide-London and Liverpool; made 1790, length 27 water of the eastern coast, and 96 feet above miles, ascent and descent 96 feet, or 3.6 per mile; that of the western, showing the ocean to be price in 1833, 6807. 24 feet higher on the eastern. At Fort Au- Crinan-from Lake Gilp to Lake Crinan; made guastus, where it leaves Loch Ness in a north-||1805, length 9 miles, ascent and descent 117 feet, westerly direction, this canal is cut through the or 13 per mile. Number of shares, 1851; cost, glacis of the fortification, thus adding to the mil-501.; price in 1833, A. 10s. itary defences as well as to the appearance of the Cromford-from the Erewash canal at Langfort, which, with the five locks of masonry risley, to Cromford; made 1794, length 18 miles, Birmingham-commences in the Birmingham ing behind, presents a grand combination of civil ascent and descent 80 feet, or 4.4 per mile, breadth and Staffordshire Canal, and terminates in the and military engineering amid romantic moun-26 feet. It has several tunnels, and passes the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal; made 1772, tain scenery. From Lock Ness, passing in the river Derwent by an aqueduct 200 yards long length 22 miles, ascent and descent 201 feet, westwardly direction of the canal to Loch Oich, and 30 feet high. The arch over the chanor 9.07 per mile, breadth 40 feet, depth 4 feet. 13 mile, the land is 20 feet above the water line, ne] of the river is 80 feet broad. Another aqueThe boats are 70 feet long, and 7 wide, and of 22 which, with the depth of water in the canal, duct over a branch of the Derwent is 200 yards tons burthen. Number of shares, 4000; origi- makes an excavation, in this distance, of 40 feet long and 50 feet high. Each aqueduct cost nally, 177. 10s.; price in 1833, 2331. The ton-in depth, with a bottom of 40 feet in breadth.about 3000l. Number of shares, 460; cost, 317. nage is not to exceed ind. per mile. To save rock-cutting, in descending, in the west-2s. 10d.

Barnesley and branches—from river Calder, below Wakefield, to Barnby Bridge; made 1799, length 18 miles, ascent and descent 120 feet, or 6.7 per mile; has 1 aqueduct bridge and 20 locks. Number of shares, 720; cost, 160.; price in 1833, 2477. Basingstoke-from Wye to Basingstoke; made 1790, length 37 miles, scent and descent 195 feet, or 5.3 per mile; has 72 bridges and 29 locks. Number of shares, 1650; cost 100l.; price in 1833, 5l. The Tingis branch is 5 miles in length. The boats are of 45 tons burthen. It has a tunnel of 1⁄2 mile:

Birmingham and Fazeley-from the Coventry||wardly direction, as before, from Lock Oich to Croydon-from Grand Surry Canal to CroyCanal, at Whittington Brook, to Birmingham Loch Lochy, the natural difference of the sur-don; made 1801, length 9 miles, ascent and desCanal, at Farmer's Bridge; made 1790, length faces of the two lakes being 22 feet, the whole cent 150 feet, or 15.8 per mile. It has 23 locks. 165 miles, ascent and descent 248 feet, or 15 per area of Loch Lochy, which is 10 miles in length Number of shares, 4546; originally, 1007.; price mile, breadth 30 feet, depth 44 feet; has 44 locks; and 1 in breadth, is raised 12 feet. In the last 2 in 1833, 17. boats, 22 tons burthen. miles, before the canal in its westerly direction|| Dearne and Dove-from the river Dove, beBrecknock and Abergavenny-from the Mon-enters Loch Eil, there is a descent of 64 feet, tween Swinton and Mexburgh, to Barnesley mouthshire Canal to Brecon; made 1776, length which is passed by 8 connected locks, each 180||canal; made 1804, length 91⁄2 miles, ascent and 33 iniles, ascent and descent 68 feet, or 2 per feet long by 40 in breadth. These locks are descent 125 feet, or 6.6 per mile. The boats mile. There is, at Abergavenny, an iron railway founded on inverted arches, exhibiting a solid are from 50 to 60 tons burthen. It has two a mile in length; at Wain Dew another 43 miles, and continnous mass of masonry 500 yards in branches of 34 and 14 miles in length. and at Llangroiney another 1 mile. It has a length and 20 yards wide, in which no flaw has Derby-from the river Trent to Derby; made tunnel of 220 yards, and 3 aqueduct bridges. yet been discovered. The gates are of cast iron. 1794, length 9 miles, ascent and descent 78 feet, Number of shares, 958; originally, 150l.; price in This system of locks has received the fanciful or 8.6 per mile, breadth 44-24 feet, depth 4 feet. 1833, 801. appellation of Neptune's Staircase; and the ap-Number of shares, 600; cost, 1107.; price in 1833, Duke of Bridgewater-from the tide-way of the pearance of large vessels, with their masts and 1407. It has a branch, the Erewash, 8 miles Mersey, at Runcorn Gap; and at Louglord Bridge rigging, descending these stupendous locks, from in length. divides into 2 branches, one terminating at Man- the hill towards Loch Eil, is most majestic and chester, the other at Pennington, near the town imposing, exhibiting a striking instance of the of Leigh; made 1758, length 40 miles, ascent and triumph of art. In the distance of 8 miles, from descent 83 feet, or 2 per mile, breadth 52 feet, Loch Lochy to tide water in Loch Eil, the canal depth 5. The whole lockage is the 83 feet at in passing along the north-westerly bank of the the Mersey, in rising from tide-water, by 10 locks. river Lochy, crosses, by aqueduct bridges, three This canal, with a part of the Trent and Mersey large streams and 23 smaller ones. Since the Canal connected with it, makes a level of 70 construction of this canal, upwards of a million miles, 30 of which are on this canal. Mr. Cary of forest trees have been planted along its borstates that there are about 16 miles of canal unders. The cost of this great national work was, der ground within the mountains at Worsley. It for

has 3 principal aqueduct bridges, and several Management and travelling expenses, £29,000 smaller ones. Arched branches pass off from it Timber,

at considerable distances, under the town of Man-Machinery, cast iron work, &c. chester, from one of which coals are hoisted up Quarries and masonry,

to supply the inhabitants, which the proprietors, Shipping,

successors to the Duke of Bridgewater, are bound Labor and workmanship,

to furnish them at 4d. for 140 lbs.: an advantage Houses and buildings,

to which much of the prosperity of that town has Purchase and damage of land,

been attributed. The embankment over Strat-Horse labor,

ford Meadows is 900 yards long, 17 feet high, Road making,

and 112 feet wide at the base; that at Barton Incidental expenses, Bridge is 200 yards long, and 40 feet high. The

tonnage is 2s. 6d.

Bristol and Taunton-from Taunton Bridge Add, to complete the dredging, to the mouth of the Avon, below Bristol; price

in 1833, 70l.; length 41 miles.

68,600

121,400

195,800

Dorset and Somerset-from the Kennet and Avon canal to the river Stour; made 1803, 42 miles in length; has a branch 9 miles long.

Dublin and Shannon-from Dublin, at the mouth of the Liffey, to the river Shannon, near the town of Moy; made 1776, length 654 miles. It passes 24 miles across a marsh, in which the absorbing nature of the soil rendered the work enormously expensive.

Lawton branch-length 21 miles.
Miltoun branch-length 7 miles.
Bog of Allen branch-length 3 miles.
Edenderry branch-length 1 mile.
Kildare branch-length 6 miles.

Dudley-from the Worcester and Birmingham 11,000 canal; made 1776, length 10 miles, ascent and 418,000 descent 35 feet, or 3.3 per inile, depth 5 feet. 4,600 It has 61 locks; 3 tunnels, one 3776 yards in 47,900 length, another 623 yards, and the other 2926 3,000 yards, all 134 feet wide; and near one of them, 4,000 the Laplat tunnel, it passes 9 locks, nearly con2,000 tiguous. Number of shares, 2060; originally, 1007.; price in 1883, 1471.

905,300

7,200

Stourbridge branch-length 2 miles.
Dudley branch-length 14 miles.

Edinburgh and Glasgow-length 50 miles. £912,500 This canal is proposed to commence at Leith, in

Erewash-from the Trent to Cromford canal; made 1777, length 113 miles, ascent and descent 181 feet, or 15.4 per mile; price in 1838, 751. Fazeley-made 1790, length 11 miles. Is a part of the Liverpool line, joining the Grand Trunk with the Coventry Canal. It is entirely level. The Fazeley and Birmingham, and the Birmingham, are continuations of this.

route.

the Forth, and terminate in the Clyde at Glas- plate iron Rail. That they have received severalter, the whole calculations are based upon the very advantageous offers to furnish Timber and supposition of carrying way passengers alone, gow. Ellesmere, and Chester, and branches-made Iron, and are hence enabled to ascertain, without not one through passenger between New-York 1804, length 109 miles, ascent and descent 755|| the fear of being deceived in their estimate, that and Philadelphia being taken into the account. feet, or 6.9 per mile. This canal is said to be the whole cost of Road formation, and laying a Now as there will certainly be two routes bethe first constructed in England for agricultural single track, with a sufficient number of sidings tween those two cities, and as it is as certain purposes, as well as trade. It has 1262 yards of or turn outs, including damages and all other in- that the public will exercise their undoubted tunnelling. Number of shares, 3575; cost, 1337.;||cidental expenses, cannot exceed three hundred right of choice between them, it follows that a price in 1833, 751. and fifty thousand dollars, or at the utmost four portion of the through travellers will take this hundred thousand. If that portion be but one third of the They hope also to have a portion of the Rails whole, (judging from the amount heretofore laid during the present season, and found their received for through passengers,) this portion immediate expectations of realizing a reasonable of the Line would receive $21,000 in addition income for the capital invested in the construc-to the above income, making an aggregrate clear tion of the Road from calculations of this kind income of $81,000 a year, or over 20 per cent. The amount received by the Union and Citi-on the Capital invested. zens Lines, jointly, during the year 1831, for Forth and Clyde-from the tide-water, at the way passengers alone, exclusive of through junction of the river Carron with the Forth, to passengers and transportation of goods between Glasgow; made 1790, length 35 miles. It Philadelphia and New-York, was about $106,000 was the first considerable work of the kind un- Suppose of that sum $40,000 was redertaken in Scotland, having been commenced ceived for way passengers going eastin 1777, and completed in 1790. It ascends, ward from New-Brunswick, and that the from the Forth to the summit, by 20 locks, 156||Union Line will take one half of the refeet, in 10 miles, and keeps this level 18 miles, mainder, is to Glasgow, and, one mile beyond that city, terminates in the Monkland Canal basin. About 23 miles north of the port of Dundas, near Glasgow, a branch of the canal passes off 83 miles,|| Add for carrying the mail and mail pascrossing the Kelven by a magnificent stone aqueduct, to the tide-water at Bowling Bay, to which it descends by 19 locks, 74 feet in length, and 20 in breadth. When full, it has 8 feet of water; price in 1833, £540.

Glasgow, branch of the above, length 24 m. Foss Dyke-from the Trent, at Torksey, to the Witham; length 11 miles. It is a level.

Glasgow and Saltcoats-made 1812, length 334 miles, ascent and descent 168 feet, or 5 per

mile.

Glenkenns—from the Dee, at Kirkcudbright, to Dalry; made 1802, length 27 miles.

Gloucester-a channel for ship navigation, to avoid the windings of the Severn from Berkley Hill, where it leaves that river, to Gloucester, where it joins the river again; made 1793, length 18 miles, depth 15 to 18 feet. Number of shares 1960; price in 1824, £100, and a loan of £60 per share, making the investment £160 per share.

Hockerib, branch of the above, length 2 miles, breadth 70 feet, depth 15 to 18 feet.

(To be continued.)

[From the Philadelphia Commercial Herald.] PHILADELPHIA AND TRENTON RAILROAD.-In our paper of Friday we furnished a list of railroads in Pennsylvania actually finished, or in a train for early completion. Among others we mentioned the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad, as one upon which operations were about

to commence.

Frequent inquiries having since been made, in reference to that work, we have taken pains to ascertain the particulars as to its present situation, its prospects, and its probable advantages to the public and the stockholders. We have ascertained to our satisfaction that the work is certainly going_on. That the grading of the Road for a double track the whole distance, and

Leaves the balance for the Philadelphia
and Trenton Railroad

73,000

33,000

sengers

7,000

66

for stage passengers in the Easton and New-Hope River Line

3,000

for stage passengers in the Newtown and Attleborough Line

1,000

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66

for carrying all the passengers be-
tween New-York and Philadelphia in
winter, say 50 each way or 100 per day
for 63 days, allowing the steamboat to
run 250 days (Sunday's not included)
at $1 each
6,300
Transportation during the same time 5,000
*Pleasure excursions to Frankford,
Holmesburg, Cornwell's, Bristol, Mor-
risville and Trenton

Business Travel and Transportation of
Goods between Philadelphia and
Frankford, Holmesburg and other
places on the Line, heretofore done by
stages and waggons

Probable aggregate Receipts
From which deduct Expenses:
Cost of Locomotives and Cars

20 per cent. interest on this sum

is

Expenses of running Locomo-
tives at $20 per day
Repairs and superintendence of
Roads

Deduct Interest on Capital of
$400,000 at 6 per cent,

Surplus,

$15,000

[blocks in formation]

12,000 Improved Horse-Shoe. By T. P. [From the Voice of Humanity.]

SIR,-I was lately travelling in a coach, early in the morning; it was one of those mornings which are so distressing to smooth-shod horses. 8,000||In the night there had been a considerable fall of sleet, with a little rain, and this fall was im$75,300 mediately followed by a very hard frost, so that the road was one complete sheet of ice. Com. ing on so suddenly, there was no time to get the horses rough-shod, and their consequent suffering was great. They were down and up, first one and then another, all the way.

3,000
7,300
5,000

In order to get up one little hill, all the passengers were asked to get out and off from the coach, and even then it was with the greatest difficulty that the coachman could force the -15,300||horses up. He was obliged to "lash them into madness;" sometimes two were down togeth60,000 er, and once all four were down at the same time, and when they had scrambled to the top, 24,000 they were in a pitiable state of exhaustion, the sweat literally running from them as though $36,000 warm water had been poured on their backs, although so cold a morning.

The two steel nuts marked B are made bare

Allowing a dividend of 15 per cent. on $400,000 of Capital. It struck me at the time that it would be easy the construction of all the Bridges on the line with the work, held out by this staternent, so as it is termed, in a few minutes. I send to The inducements for the Company to go on to make horse-shoes which might be turned up, is actually under contract, and to be completed far exceeded our expectations, that our first your appropriate publication a drawing of the ready for the laying of Rails by the first day of impression was to doubt the whole of it, and sort of shoe which I have invented. January next. The Engineers are now busily set it down like some other calculations of the employed in staking out the work, which will present day, as looking very well on paper, but ly a quarter of an inch high, about one-eighth be commenced as soon as the weather will admit.having no practical reality. But after a care.and a half, and worn in the winter when the That the timber and stone are actually being ful examination of the several items of which roads are not slippery. When the frost comes, procured for the Bridges, and that satisfactory it is composed, and from subsequent inquiries, and you wish the horse turned up, or more proarrangements have been made for damages, diligently made of persons who have the best perly speaking, rough-shod, you take out the with a number of individuals owning property opportunity of knowing their correctness, we two nuts marked B by means of the spanner along the Line, and their several claims promptly could not resist the conviction that if it contain marked C, and put in the two steel nuts markpaid by the Company; and that further agree-ed any errors they were on the safe side. In ed A. The whole is done in a few minutes. ments for damages are daily entered into, entire- addition to this, it may not be improper to ob- Mr. Holmes, the veterinary surgeon of this ly to the satisfaction of all the parties concerned.serve, that with the exception of 63 days in win-town, has lately shod some horses in this way, That it is the intention of the Company to economize as far as consistent with utility, in *This will be deemed a moderate estimate when the picks his horses' feet every night, he should at the construction of the work, and in accordance fact is known, that about $12,000 was received on the the same time take out the nuts, put a little oil with these views, they will lay a single track of Philadelphia and Germantown Railroad during the first wooden superstructure on the most approved of cholera for about half the time, almost destroyed the tightly: this is to prevent their getting fastened six months it was in operation, notwithstanding the alarm or grease to them, and screw them in agair plan and of the best materials, using the flat or pleasure travelling. by rust. There should always be a little story

and it answers well. When the groom or ostler

[From the Albany Argus.]

REDUCTION OF CANAL TOLLS.-We publish this 20 morning the Rates of Tolls on the New York Canals, as revised and established at the present ses-21 22

23

24

of nuts, that as they wear down they may be
replaced; and they must not be permitted to
wear down lower than that state in which they
can be turned out by the spanner. The pre-sion of the Canal Board.
vention of the very injurious effects upon the
feet of horses by their shoes being taken off with the tolls heretofore charged, that important re-
It will be seen by comparing the present rates
and turned up (often required from frost in a ductions have been made upon many of the leading
day or two after they have been newly shod) is articles transported upon the canals. Flour, salted
worth consideration, to say nothing of its being beef and pork, butter and cheese, beer and cider,
done in haste and the foot often pricked. heretofore charged at 7 mills per 1000 pounds per
Above all this, rational humanity and kind-mile, are now reduced to 5 mills: The tolls upon
ness to those docile, useful, and noble animals, stoves and all other iron castings, are reduced from
should be our main object. Let them ever be 14 mills to 10 mills: wheat, and other agricultural
considered as gifts from the Almighty Creator, productions reduced from 7 to 5 mills: merchandise,
for our use and comfort, and let them ever be and all articles not enumerated passing from tide wa
treated with gentleness. Indeed, I believe they ter, heretofore charged at 14 mills, are reduced to 12
are seldom ill-treated but by men of vulgar tide water, are reduced from 7 to 5 mills per 1000
minds, unthinking or uneducated; or, if educa-
ted, their education not based on Christian prin- The subject of modifying the tolls, in order to pre-27
ciples, and, without that base, I hold all educa-vent a diversion of the trade from the Erie Canal 28
tion defective, if not mischievous.
through the Welland Canal, and otherwise, has been
Birmingham, Feb. 9, 1832.
urged upon the consideration of the Canal Board for
several years, by those who are interested in the
business upon the Erie Canal. After the most mature
reflection upon this subject, those to whom the legis
lature have delegated the authority of regulating
the tolls, have become satisfied that the time has
arrived when it is proper, if not necessary, to reduce
the tolls, in order to secure to our own cities, and to
the whole line of the Erie Canal, the business and
benefits of the trade of the great West.

4

mills: all non-enumerated articles passing towards

pounds per mile.

25

The rate of reduction, operating upon the quantity ||33
of articles which were transported upon the canals
in 1832, would diminish the aggregate amount of
toll, a hundred thousand dollars, or perhaps one hun.
dred and twenty-five thousand. This sum may or
may not be made up, by an increase of the articles
transported, consequent upon a reduction of the tolls.
Rates of Toll.
36

At a meeting of the Canal Board, at the Comptrol-
ler's office in the city of Albany, on the 9th March,
1833, the following rates of toll were established in 37
lieu of all rates heretofore established by this Board:38

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26

On the same, if transported in rafts, p. 1000

pounds p. mile,

050

On shingles, p. M. p. mile,

020

On the same, if conveyed in rafts, p. M. p.

mile,

040

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406

30

On the same, if conveyed in rafts, p. M. p.

mile

800

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100

32

On the same, if transported in rafts, per cord p. mile,

200

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On sawed stuff for window blinds, not ex-
ceeding one-fourth of an inch in thick-
ness, p. 1000 pounds per mile,
Agricultural Productions.
On cotton, p. 1000 pounds per mile,
On live cattle, sheep and hogs, p. 1000 lbs.
per mile,

070

070

050

On horses, (each horse, when not weighed to be computed at 600 pounds) per 1000 pounds per mile,

070

On rags, p. 1000 pounds p mile,
On hemp and tobacco, going towards tide
wa-er, p. 1000 pounds p. mile,

050

050

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Improved Cellar Steps. By R. GooсH. [From
the London Mechanics' Magazine.]
SIR,-The prefixed is a rough sketch of a
machine, which was invented by me a few
years ago, for the purpose of raising casks out
of cellars. A model of it was sent to the Me-
chanics' Institution of this city, and purchased 9
by it at a price, however, which rewarded me
very inadequately for the trouble the invention 10
had cost me. The advantage of this machine
over those in common use is, that provided a
rope should break or slip by accident, no injury
can be sustained, either to the goods or to the
person employed, which now too often occurs.
AAA is a strong wooden frame, of such size
and length as may suit the work or place it is
intended for. The inside of the frame is rabbit-
ed, and covered with an iron plate CC, which
plate is notched, and acts as ratches on each 14
side the machine. On these slide at liberty
another wooden frame or carriage BB, and at
the corners, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, there are four 15
friction-rollers, to give freedom to its working
on the plates. GG are two palls, fixed on the
carriage BB, shown at II. The spring J makes
the palls keep to the work and act upon the
ratches CC. His a rope, which is attached
to the tails of the palls, and passes over the pul-
ley E, and is continued to, and fastened on, the
roller D, which being put in motion by the 17
winch and wheels F, will, with equal ease and
safety, either raise the carriage, or let it down.18
Should a rope break, the palls will immediately
act and stop the carriage.

16

On stove and all other iron castings, going
to or from tide water, p. 1000 pounds p.
mile,

On copperas, going towards tide water p.
1000 pounds p. mile,

On bar and pig lead, going towards tide
water, 1000 pounds p. mile,

On imported raw hides of domestic and
other anmals, p. 1000 pounds p. mile,
Furniture, fe.

0 5 0 44 On boats used chiefly for the transporta.

On household furniture, accompanied by,
and actually belonging to, families emi-
grating north or west, p. 1000 pds. p. mile 0 5 0 49
On carts, wagons, sleighs, ploughs and

mechanics' tools, necessary for the own-
ers' individual use, when accompanied by
the owners, emigrating north or west for
the purpose of settlement, p. 1000 p. mile, 0 5 051 On each person over 12 years of age, trans-
Stone, Slate, fc.
On slate and tile for roofing, and stone
ware, p. 1000 pounds p. mile,

On all other stone entirely unwrought, p.
1000 ponnds per mile,

050

[The regulations of the Commissioners of the Canal Fund, authorizing boats used chiefly for the trans

0 2 5 portation of property, to commute for the toll on pas.

19 On all other stone, p. 1000 pounds p. mile 0 5 0lsengers, are the same as they were last year.]

Boats and Passengers.

43

025

On boats used chiefly for the transportation of persons, and navigating the Erie canal between Schenectady and Utica, per mile,

11 0 0

tion of persons and navigating the Erie canal west of Utica, per mile,

600

1 0 0
050

45

On boats used chiefly for the transporta. tion of persons, and navigating the Champlain, or Champlain and Junction canal, p. mile,

600

0 50 46 On boats used chiefly for the transporta

07 0

Furs, Peltries, Skins, &c. On furs and peltry, (except deer, buffalo and moose skins,) p. 1000 pounds p. mile, 1 4 047 On boats used chiefly for the transporta. On deer, buffalo and moose skins, p. 1000 pounds p. mile,

tion of persons, and navigating the Oswego canal, p. mile,

600

tion of persons, and navigating the Cayu. ga and Seneca canal, and the lateral canal to East Caynga village, or either of them p. mile,

600

100

0 7 0 48 On boats used chiefly for the transportation of persons, and navigating the Junction canal, and not connected with regu lar lines of boats for the transportation of persons on the Erie or Champlain ca nals, p. mile,

50 0 0

On boats used chiefly for the transporta. tion of property, p. mile,

200

50

On each person over 8 years of age, trans. ported in a boat used chiefly for the transportation of persons, p. mile,

020

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Hunter's Screw-Press, improved. By 4. M.ed, and also with a calculation of its powers,
[From the London Mechanics' Magazine.]
SIR,-I beg leave to submit to the considera-
tion of your readers the following design for
extending the range of an admirable invention,

taking for data the winch at 15 inches radius,
the moving power at 30 pounds, as, also, that
and that one revolution of the nut d passes one
one revolution of the winch passes one tooth,
thread of the screw, the interval between any
two threads being 2 inches.

stone to stone with great violence, sometimes springing a distance of several feet.

So great indeed was the violence with which the guns were galloped, that the rope lashings used to keep the guns in their places on the carriages were broken, and the twelve pounder carriage was jerked completely off its limber.

On a close examination of the patent iron wheels, after they had been subjected to this unusually severe trial, not the slightest appearance of injury was any where perceptible. The wooden wheels of the limbers, however, did not stand the shaking so well, although they had nothing but the weight of the empty limber boxes to carry; all the spokes were more or less started from their sockets; on measuring some of the openings, they were found to be three-sixteenths of an inch wide. Nor is this much to be wondered at, when it is considered that they were new wheels, which had been lying several years in store. This experiment fully demonstrated the extraordinary strength possessed by the patent wheels.

The 2nd experiment had for its object, to ascertain the nature of the draught of these wheels upon soft ground. The twenty-four pounder, with a weight altogether of from four to five tons, and a draught of six horses, was attempted to be drawn over a piece of very soft marshy ground. The wheels sunk in too deep, however, for that number to draw them out; the poor horses were struggling and sinking up to their knees in the marsh, when two more were added; but, during the time that was occupied in attaching them, the wheels had sunk in to such a depth that it required the exertions of several men in addition, to start the carriage. This experiment was neither so satisfactory nor so fair as could have been wished; ten horses should have been attached in the first instance, and then, the gun would have been drawn through the swamp without stopping.

By the regulations of his Majesty's service, eight horses are allowed for a twelve pounder, weighing about 18 cwt.; it ought not, therefore, to be expected that six horses should draw a load of 50 cwt. exclusive of the carriage, &c. through such a swamp as that in which this

[graphic]

experiment was made.

which must be familiar to most of them-1 mean Hunter's Screw-Press. My principle is, instead of using Hunter's triple combination of nut and screw, to use only a nut and screw An account of some experiments made at Wool-ing mounted on Jones' patent wheels, the other

In the next experiment, two twelve-pounders were drawn through the same marsh: one bewith a supplementary apparatus, which shall wich with Jones' Patent Iron Wheels. By on wooden wheels. Four horses (half the rehave the effect of making the screw, as it were, WM. BADDELEY. [From the London Me-gular number) were attached to each; both run away from the gripe of the nut, while the chanics' Magazine.] passed through the marsh without stopping, nut is made to follow with whatever degree of but with great difficulty, the iron wheels apvelocity may be required. Thus the screw rises Sir,-In your 245th number, you have given pearing to have a slight advantage. The iron with a velocity bearing a similar ratio to that an excellent description of Messrs. Theodore wheels, with six-inch tire cut into the soft of the moving power, as in Hunter's, while the Jones & Co.'s patent wrought iron suspension ground, which adhered to the inside of the rim ; range of the resultant power is continued wheels, and in No. 347, an account of a very but the wheels with three-inch tire did not colthrough the whole length of the screw. In the successful experiment made with them at the lect the earth in the same manner. accompanying figure, A' B' is the screw taken opening of the stone tram-way in the Commer- The twelve and twenty-four pounders were out of its place; a square projection of equal cial road. To these, I have now the pleasure then ranged in battery in front of the butt, and length with the screw is added to it. The head of adding a description of some highly interest- three rounds, with full service charges (one of this square part is seen in the figure, at A, ing and satisfactory experiments, that were shot each,) were fired from both; no visible efrising out of C, in which it slides. C is a tube made at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, in Oc- fect whatever was produced upon the wheels with a circular bore, wide enough to admit the tober last, under the superintendence of Major- by the firing.

screw freely, but closed by a square aperture, General Hardwicke, and Lieutenant-Colonel The final experiment consisted in ascertainthrough which the square projection works. Forrest, and in the presence of several officers ing the comparative effects of a cannon ball upC is of one piece with a, b, and c, and works of the Royal Artillery, to ascertain the fitness on the iron, and upon wooden wheels. For resting upon d, which is the real nut. a, b, c, of the patent wheels for the general purposes this purpose, one of the iron wheels was placed and d, are furnished with teeth, and a winch is of the Honorable East India Company's Ord-in front of the butt, and a twelve-pounder in affixed by a contrivance which will allow of its nance Department in India. engaging either a, b, c, or d, individually, or c In the first experiment, a pair of the patent and d together. a may be supposed to have 50 wheels, five feet high, with six inch tire, were teeth, b 100, c 200, and d 200. a, b, and c, are fitted to the carriage of an iron twenty-four intended merely to bring the screw down to its pounder, weighing 50 cwt. 1 qr. 25 lbs. work, or to perform light tasks; and when the Another pair of these wheels, five feet high, winch engages any one of them, d is clamped. with three-inch tire, were fitted to the carriage When the screw is required to do its utmost, of a brass twelve pounder, weighing 18 cwt. the winch is made to engage c and d together; 5 lbs.

the battery, at the distance of about two-andthirty yards, brought to bear upon it. The first shot struck the wheel in an oblique direction, rut two of the spokes asunder, as clean as if it had been done with a sharp cutting instrument, bending them both to one side, but without any splintering. The second shot was directed to the face of the rim which it cut asunder, bending one end inwards; one spoke was also cut then c, by means of its hold on the square To each gun was attached its timber, fur-through--the nave grazed-one end of the nave projection, keeps the screw going before the nished with the usual wooden wheels; the box cracked-and a small piece cut off the opnut, while the nut is overtaking it at the twenty-four pounder was drawn by six-the posite side of the rim. A wooden wheel was rate of one tooth for each revolution. The twelve pounder by four horses. The experi- then placed in front of the butt, and submitted construction given in the figure is one of seve-ments commenced with briskly trotting, and to the same rough treatment. ral, and not the best, but the one I found least sometimes sharply galloping the guns, over a The first shot from the twelve pounder shattroublesome to copy. I hope some of your very rough pavement, for upwards of an hour. tered two of the spokes, the splinters flying correspondents will favor us with an opi- The roughness and unevenness of the paving about very much. Shot the second struck the nion of the merits of the machine as thus alter-was so great, that the carriages bounded from tire a little below the centre of the nave, which

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