VII. CATACHRESIS, Κατάχρησις, an Abuse, from καζαχράομαι, abutor. EXAMPLES. Thus when an Improper Term is boldly us'd for a Proper; as, Vir Gregis ipfe Caper deerraverat, i. e. Dux Gregis; Virg. Instar montis equum divina Palladis arte Ædificant; Virg. Equitare in Arundine longo; Hor. Uxores olentis Mariti, i. e. Capra; Hor. Capitis Nives, i. e. cani Capilli; Hor. A Glass Inkhorn. A Wooden Tombstone. Promisi Ultorem, i. e. minatus fum; Virg. Æn. 1. Breve Lilium, i. e. non diuturnum; Hor. See Rev. i. 12. Hofea iv. 8. Deut. xxxii. 14. Pfalm cxxxvii. 5. Jer. xlvi. 10. Lev. xxvi. 30. Exod. xxiii. 19. &, Si in Catachrefi quid durius finxeris, præmunies dicendo, Ut ita dicam, Si licet dicere, Quodammodo, Permitte mibi fic dicere. &c.

I'll beg leave to conclude my Explication of these Tropes in the Words of the elegant and very judicious Mr. BLACKWALL.

"By this short Account 'tis plain, that there is a general Analogy and Relation between all Tropes, and that in all of them a Man uses a foreign or strange Word instead of a proper one; and therefore lays one thing, and means something different. When he says one thing and means another almost the fame, 'tis a Synecdoche: When he says one thing and means another mutually depending, 'tis a Metonymy: When he fays one thing and means another opposite or contrary, 'tis an Irony: When he says one thing and means another like to it, it is a Metaphor: A Metaphor continued and often repeated becomes an Allegory: A Metaphor carried to a great Degree of Boldness is an Hyperbole; and when at first Sound it seems a little harsh and shocking, and may be imagin'd to carry fome Impropriety in it, 'tis a. Catachrefis." Introd. to Claff. p. 181.

८

N. RHETORICIANS sometimes, but fomewhat improperly, enumerate the Seven following as Tropes or Affections of Tropes, viz. I. ONOΜΑΤΟΡΟΕIA, a Coining a Word from the Sound, from ὄνομα, nomen, & ποιεω, facio; as, Balare, grunnire, boare, hinnire, Hurliburly, lumbering, rattling, blustering. Bombalio, clangor, stridor, taratantara, murmur. 2. ANTIPHRASIS, a Speaking-contrary, from ἀντὶ, contra, & φράζω, loquor; thus, War is called Bellum, quòd minimè fit bellum; the Fates Parce, quia nemini parcunt; a Grove Lucus, quòd minimè luceat. 3. LITOTES, a Leffening, from λιτός, tenuis, whereby a flight Denial makes a strong Affirmation; as, Non laudo, that is, reprehendo; Ter. Andr. Nec munera curat Alexis, that is, maxime spernit; Virg. Ecl. 2. Munera nec fperno, that is, lubens accipio; Æn. 7. Eft qui nec veteris pocula Massici spernit, that is, magnoperè amat; Hor. See 1 Cor. x. 5. Psalm li. 17. Pfalm ix. 12. Job xxxi. 17. &c. 4. ACCISMUS, a Feign'd Refusal, from ἀκκίζομαι, fimulatè recufo; as, No, I thank you. See Gen, xix. 2. 5. HYPALLAGE, a Changing the Order of Words, from ὑπὸ, fub, & ἀλλάτιω, muto; as, In nova fert animus mutatas dicere Formás Corpora, for, Corpora mutata in novas Formas; Ovid. Necdum illis Labra admovi, for, illa Labris; Virg. Ecl. 3. Dare classibus Auftros, for, Classes Austris; Virg. Æn. 3. 6. EUPHEMISMUS, a Putting a Glofs on a Thing, from εὖ, bene, & φημὶ, dico; call'd alfo CHROMA, a Colouring; as, Surely he covereth his Feet, i. e. Certè purgat Alvum; Judg. iii. 24. Ibo quò faturi folent, i. e. ad exonerandam Alvum feu Vescicam. So exceffit or deceffit for obiit. Itane Chrysis ? hem! Nos quidem pol miseras perdidit; Ter. Andr. See Josh. xxiii. 14. and 2 Tim. iv. 14. 7. ANTHROPOPATHIA, Humane Parts and Paffion s

fions from Resemblance afcribd to God, from aν θρωπο, Homo, & πάθα, Paffio; as, The Eyes of the Lord are upon the Righteous, and his Ears are open unto their Cry; Pfalm xxxiv. 15. See Pfalm cxvi. 15. Pfalm xi. 4. Pfalm xvii. 8. &c.

O. That the young Student mayn't make use of Tropes but where they'll come in feafonably, and with Advantage, he is to obferve that The FAULTS OF TROPES are Nine

3

4

5

Of TROPES Perplext, Harsh, Fréquent, Swoln, Fetch'd-far,

9

Ill-representing, Forc'd, Low, Lewd, beware.

SECT. II.

Of the CHIEF and most moving FIGURES

P.

of Speech.

A FIGURE, from fingo,

to fashion,

is the Fashioning and Dress of Speech; or, an Emphatical Manner of Speaking, different from the Way that is ordinary and natural: expreffing either a Paffion, or containing a Beauty.

Q. THE PRINCIPAL and most moving
FIGURES in Speech are twenty, viz.

Blackw. p.

1. An ECPHONESIS movingly exclaims. 189 11. An APORIA Doubts and Questions frames. 191 III. EPANORTHOSIS, to enhance, corrects. 192 IV. APOSIOPESIS, pausing, Thoughts rejects. 194 V. APOPHASIS, t'enforce, flights or says less. 195 VI. APOSTROPHE turns off to make Address. 197. VII. ANASTROPHE Suspence by Inverfion deals. 200 VIII. An EROTESIS afks, debates, appeals. 203, 205 IX. PROLEPSIS, to prevent, Objections feigns. 206 X. ASYNCHORESIS grants, and Conquest gains.207 XI. METABASIS from Thing to Thing proceeds. {26 XII. PERIPHRASIS uses more Words than needs. 216 XIII. A CLIMAX amplifies by strict Gradation. { XIV. ASYNDET ON drops and thro'Haste or Paffion. 224

xv. An OXYMORON mingles Contraries.

XVI. ENANTIOSIS Oppofitions tries.

XVII. PARABOLE in Similes is rife.

256,

219,

2223

227

228

231

XVIII. HYPOTYPOSIS paints Things to the Life. {238,245, XIX. PROSOPOPOEIA feigns a Perfon fpeaks. 247 XX. EPIPHONEMA Annotations makes. 264, 267

THE MEANING and DERIVATION of the Names or Terms, with Examples.

1. ECPHONESIS, Ἐκφώνησις, an Exclamation, from ἐκφωνέω, exclamo. EXAMPLES. Clementiam admirabilem! Cic. pro Marc. O Scelus! O Pestis! O Labes! Cic. in Pif. O Coelum!

lum! O Terra! O Maria Neptuni! Ter. Adelph. O Populares! Ecquis me hodie fortunatior? Ter. Eun. O utinam tunc, cum Lacedæmona claffe petebat, Obrutus infanis effet adulter aquis! Ovid. Ep. 1. Dî tibi-Præmia digna ferant; Virg. Æn. 1. O miferum me! consumptis enim Lachrymis, infixus tamen Pectori hæret Dolor; Cic. Phil. My God! My God! why haft thou forsaken me? Matth. xxvii. 46. See alfo Pfalm lxxxiv. 1. N. This Figure is also call'd ANAPHONEMМА, from ἀναφωνέω, exlamo. When Admiration is express'd, 'tis call'd THAUMASMUS, from θαυμάζω, admiror; as, O curas hominum! Quantum eft in rebus inane! Perf. When any Good is wish'd or pray'd for, 'tis call'd EUCHE or VOTUM, from εύχομαι, precor; as, O utinam possem populos reparare paternis Artibus! Ovid. When a Curse is express'd, or an Evil wish'd, 'tis call'd APEUCHE, from ἀπὸ, & ευχὴ, votum, or ARA or EXECRATIO, from ἀράομαι, imprecor, or MISOS, from μισο, odium; as, Dii isti Segulio male faciant! Cic. Dii illum Deæque senium perdant, meque adeò-Ter. When Intreaty is made use of, 'tis call'd DEESIS or OBSECRATIO, from δέομαι, precor; as, Quod ego per hanc te dextram oro; Ter. When any bad Prefage is wish'd to be averted, 'tis call'd ABOMINATIO; as, Quod Dii omen avertant! Quod ego abominor! Procul omen abesto! Procul bac avertant Fata! Quod Dii probiboant! Di meliora piis! Di talem à terris avertite Peftem; Virg. See Rom. xi. 23. Atts xiii. 10. Jer. xliv. 4. Rom. vii. 24. Ifai. xiv. 1. Pfalm lv. 6. Luke xii. 34. Gal. iii. 1. Mark xv. 29. 1 Cor. xv. 25. 1 Tim. vi. H.

II. APORIA, Απορία, aDoubting, from δπορέομαι, perplexus fum; AS, Quò me miser conferam? quò vertam? in Capitoliumne? at Fratris fanguine redundat: an Domum? Matremne ut miferam, lamen