D. All ARGUMENTS are grounded on, and therefore to be fought for from, Reasons, Morals, or Affections.

Reasons are to inform the Judgment, or Instruct; Morals to procure Favour, or Perfuade; and Affections to move the Paffions, or Please.

SECT.

ΑΝΝΟΤATIONS.

OBS. I. INVENTION Morbo affiti Cibi fuavitatem non fentiunt, ita avari Guftum Laudis non habent. 8. From Dissimilitude; as, Si barbarorum est in diem vivere, noftra confilia fempiternum Spectare debent. 9. From Contraries; as, Nulla Salus Bello, Pacem te pofcimus omnes. Virg. 10. From Adjuncts; as, Vefperi vifus eft cum Gladio ftipatus, &c. Ergo occidit. 11. From Antecedents; as, Ortus eft Sol, Igitur Dies

OF RATIONAL ARGUMENTS. RAMUS says, Dividit Quintilianus, Ariftotelem fecutus, Probaticnes Rationales bifariam, ut alicæ fint Inartificiales, aliæ Artificiales. Lib. 13. COMMON PLACES, from whence ARTIFICIAL ARGUMENTS may be invented, Orators count 16. viz. 1. From Definition; as, Jus civile eft Cognitio Æquitatis; at Cognitio Æquitatis est utilis: Igitur & fus civile. 2. From Distribution of Parts; as, Virtutis Partes funt quatuor, Juftitia, Prudentia, Fortitudo, & Temperantia; at Calliditas non est Justitia, nec, &c. Igitur non Virtus. 3. From Etymology; as, Conful eft, qui confulit Patriæ; non igitur Piso Conful, qui eam evertit. 4. Ex Conjugatis; as, Pietas laudanda, Igitur & qui piè agit, 5. From the Genus; as, Virtutis Laus in Actione confiftit, Igitur & Prudentiæ. 6. From the Species; as, Justitia eft amanda, Ergo Virtus amanda. 7. From Similitude; as, Ut

eft.

12. From Consequents; as, Dies eft, Igitur ortus est Sol. 13. From Repugnants; as, Amat illum, Igitur non infectatur Convitiis. 14. From Causes; as, Homo factus eft ad contemplandum, Ergo non ad pastum. 15. From Effects; as, Virtus parit Laudem; Ergo fequenda. 16. From Comparison; as, Ut jugulent homines furgunt de nocte latrones; ut teipfum ferves non expergifceris, &c. Hor.- Befides these, observe (from Inftruct. in Oratory, p. 3. and 4.) how, 1. TO PROVE A THING GOOD. Thus: It is the End of all Men; the wisest aim at it; all commend it; it produceth some Good,

or

SECT. І.

Of ARGUMENTS from Reason.

ARGUMENTS from Reafon

Inartificial.

are either

I. ARTIFICIAL RATIONAL AR-
GUMENTS are such as are found out by the
Learning and Skill of the Orator, and differ ac-
cording to the Topic in Hand.

There are three Sorts of TOPICS, Demonstra-
tive, Deliberative, and Juridicial.

ΑΝΝΟΤATIONS.

or preventeth some Evil; it
procures much Pleasure, or Pro-
fit, or Reputation; is reward-
ed; is difficult to attain; is
dictated by Nature; is fol-
lowed with Content, &c.
2. TO PROVE A THING
STILL BETTER. Thus:
It is the End, and so better
than the Means; it hath a
better Tendency; is conver-
fant about a better Object; it
is more beneficial, and to
more; more beautiful, last-
ing; better in Circumstance of
Perfon, Time, Place or Action.
3. TO AGGRAVATE
A CRIME. Thus: It's Da-
mage great, irreparable; it is
enhanced from the Quality of
the Person, by whom, to
whom; from doing it alone,
at first or often; with no, or
small, Benefit; with a deter-
minate Purpose, or without
any plausible Motive; it was
contrary to Nature, express
Law, Gratitude; was done in
an holy Place, Court; againft
a Kinsman, Benefactor, Magi-
strate; gives Scandal, Encou-

I. A

ragement. 4. TO LESSEN
A CRIME. Thus: It was
not done at all, not fo done,
pardonable; not an Injury, but
an Error, Misfortune; not
done with an ill Mind, with
Deliberation; not Part but the
whole Action to be confider'd,
not that Action only but the
whole Course of Life; to re-
gard the Intention of the Law,
as well as Words; Equity, as
well as any particular Law,
which cannot provide for
all poffible Cafes, &c.- As

to INARTIFICIAL
ARGUMENTS; Ea
CICERO in Topicis Teftimonii
Nomine complectitur. Sed ad
intelligendum erit facilius, fi
cum QUINTILIANO,
lib. 5. 1. in Præjudicia, Ru-
morem, & Famam, Tormen-
ta, Tabulas, Jusjurandum &
Teftes,
Dividamus. Cyр.
Soarius, lib. 1. 29.

ea

OBS. II. RATORIAL

0 TOPICS. ARISTOTLE's Words are, Teία γένη το Λόγων της ρη τορικών,

:

:

TOPIC

I. A DEMONSTRATIVE is when we speak in Praise or Dispraise of any Person, Deed, or Thing. 1. Of a PERSON; as, when from his Education, Eloquence, Learning, Wisdom, Virtue, Riches, Dignities, Authority, &c. we praise Cicero; or, from the Contrary, dispraise Cataline. 2. Of a DEED; as, when from the Justice, Honour, Courage, Time, Place, Manner, &c. of the Fact, we extol the voluntary Return of Regulus to his Enemies; or, from the Contrary, vituperate the Self-Murder of Cato at Utica. 3. Of a THING; as, when, from it's Importance, Reafonableness, Usefulness, &c. we praise Virtue; or, from the Contrary, dispraise Vice. In which Topic, you may perceive, most of the Arguments are taken from what we call Honourable or Dishonourable.. II. A

ΑΝΝΟΤΑTIONS.

τορικῶν, ἐπιδεικτικὸν, συμβο- cit omnia; nihil enim non in hæc λευτικὸν, δικανικόν. Ἐπι- cadit. Quint. Inft. 1. 2. c. 21. δεικτικό ἢ, τὸ μὲ, ἔπαινα· τὸ ἢ ψόγου. Συμβολῆς ὅ, τὸ μὲν, προτροπή· τὸ ἢ Υποτροπή. Δίκης, τὸ μὲν, κατηγορία· τὸ ἢ ἐπολογία, There are three kinds of Oratorial Topics, Demonstrative, Deliberative, and Furidicial. Of Demonstrative the one Part is Praising, the other Dipraifing. Of Deliberative the one Part is Perfuafion, the other Diffuafion. Of Juridicial the one Part is Accufing, the other Defending. The End of the first, says he, is ἢ καλὸν ἢ αὐχρὸν, Honourable, or dishonourable; of the second, συμφέρον κὶ βλαβερὸν, Advantageous or disadvantageous; of the third, ἢ δίκαιον ἢ ἄδικον, Just or unjusta Rhet. lib. 1. c. 3. In quibus Oratori fubje.

OBS. III. QUINTILIAN ☑justly observes, that young Students ought chiefly τo be exercis'd in DEMONSTRATIVE and DELIBERATIVE Topics rather than Juridicial. His Words are, Si Rhetor prima Operis fui Officia non recufat, à Narrationibus ftatim, & laudandi & vituperandi Opufculis Cura ejus defideratur. An ignoramus Antiquis hoc fuiffe ad augendam Eloquentiam Genus Exercitationis, ut Thef dicerent, & Communes Locos, & cætera citra complexum Rerum Perfonarumque, quibus veræ ficteque Controverfiæ continentur. Lib. 2. c. 1. The DEMONSTRATIVE Subjects he mentions are, Laudare claros Viros & Vituperare improbos. Hinc Exercitatio

II. A DELIBERATIVE TOPIC is when, from the Advantage or Disadrantage of a Thing, we either perfuade or diffuade as, when, from the Safety, Profit, and Pleasure of it, we perfuade to Peace; or, from the Contrary, dissuade from War.

III. A JURIDICIAL TOPIC is when we either Accuse or Defend. Thus Milo, having kill'd Clodius, is accused by Clodius's Friends, but defended by Cicero. In which Cafe the Arguments differ according to the Stating of itNow

ANNOTATIONS.

The

Exercitatio Comparationis; U- lerii pugnantis sedifle Corvum, ter melior, uterve deterior. Com- qui os oculosque Galli roftro munes Loci; ut, in Adulterum, atque alis everberaret? Sit in Aleatorem, Petulantem, &c. utramque Partem ingens ad diTheses ex Rerum Compara- cendum Materia; ut, de Sertione; ut, Rufticane Vita, an pente quo Scipio traditur geniUrbana potior? furifperiti, an tus, & Lupa Romuli, & ÆMilitaris Viri Laus major? geria Numæ. Sæpe etiam quæ Legum Laus & Vituperatio; ri folet de Tempore, de Loco, quarum Vitium qut in Verbis quo gefta Res dicitur. Nonnunaut in Rebus: In Verbis quæ quam de Persona quoque, ficut ritur, an fatis fignificent, an Livius frequentiffimè dubitat, fit in bis aliquid ambiguum? & alii ab aliis Hiftorici diffenIn Rebus, an Lex fibi ipfa con- tiunt. Ad Deliberativum Gefentiat, an in populum ferri de- nus pertinent, Ducendane Uxor, beat, an in fingulos Homines? Petendine sint Magiftratus? & an fit honefta, an utilis? dig- Caufæ conjecturales, ut, Cur nane Pana, velPræmio. Lib. 2. armata apud Lacedæmonios C. 4. The DELIBERA- Venus? Quid crederetur CuTIVE he speaks of thus, pido Puer, ac volucer, & SaNarrationibus inutiliter gittis ac Face armatus ? Et Subjungitur Opus deftruendi con- fimilia in quibus fcrutamur Vofirmandlique eas, quod ἀνασκαὴ luntatem, cujus in ControverDestroying & κατασκώὴ füs frequens Quæftio eft. Lib. 2. Building vocatur. Id porro non c. 4. tantung in fabulofis & Carmine traditis fieri potest, verum etiam in ipfis Annalium Morumentis: ut fi quæratur, An credibile fit fuper Caput Va

non

OBS. IV.IN JURIDICIAL

QUINTILIAN, Status eft Quæftio, quæ ex primâ Caufarum

C

The STATING OF A CASE is the Issue it is brought to from the Accuser's Complaint and the Accused's Defence. Thus, Milo was accufed for killing Clodius; "Milo confess'd be kill'd him, but faid he did it justly. Now the Stating the Cafe here is Whether Milo kill'd Clodius justly or unjustly?

A CASE may be Srated four Ways, viz. Conjectural, Finitive, In Quality, In Quantity.

1. A Cafe is CONJECTURAL, when it is inquir'd Whether the Thing was done or no, as, Whether Milo kill'd Clodius?

2. A Cafe is FINITIVE, when we inquire into the Name, Nature, and Definition of the Crime; as, I own I took it, but I did not commit Theft. Where Theft must be defin'd, &.

3. A Cafe in QUALITY is, where we inquire in what Manner a Fact was done; as, Milo killd Clodius, but he did it justly. Here we must inquire into the Circumstances, and prove from Law what in this Cafe may be deem'd Just or Unjust.

ΑΝΝΟΤATIONS.

Sarum Conflictione nafcitur; ut, Sylla conjurasti cum Catilina; Depulfio vero Defensoris; Non conjuravi: ex hac prima Conflictione nafcitur illa Quæftio, Cor juraveritne Sylla cum Catilina? Lib. 3. 6. Cum igitur quatuor fint, quæ in omni Difpufatione quærantur, fit necne, quid fit, quale fit, quantum fit, fit ut Conftitutiones quoque quatuor fint. 1. Conjecturalis; ut, Sit necne infidiatus Miloni Clodius? 2. Finitiva? ut, Fueritne Cæfar Rex, an Tyrannus ? 3. Qualitatis, in qua de Utilitate, Honestate, Æquitate differitur, & contrariis; ût, Rectenè fecerit Romulus,

4. A

4.

cum Fratrem interfecit. Quantitatis; ut, Pater Filium verberavit, is Injuriarum cum Patre agit, quasi de magna Culpa; Pater nihil aliud deten... dit, nifi licere Filiuna à Patre verberari; Culpa parva.Example of a WHOLE CASE. Orestes interfecit Matrem. Orestes confitetur fefe interfeciffe Matrem, fod jure dicit se interfeciffe. Quare? Illa Patrem meum occiderat. Sed. non abs te occidi tamen, neque indemnatam Panas pendere oportuit. Non rectum aut Fure ergo fuerit à Filio fine Judicio Clytemnestram occidi.

OBS.