royal standard and an independent Hungarian court; second, an arrangement requiring the King and the royal heir together with the diplomatic representatives of foreign states to pass a part of each year on Hungarian soil; third, that the independent existence of Hungary be expressed in treaties with foreign states; and, fourth, that Hungarian officers be employed in the Hungarian army, that the Hungarian flag and coat of arms be introduced, that recruits be required to swear fidelity to the Hungarian constitution and that military orders be given in the Hungarian language. This last demand has been partially met by an imperial decree extending the use of the Hungarian language in the army. In the latter part of April occurred an extensive strike by the employees on the Hungarian government railways for the purpose of securing higher wages and better conditions of service. The government entered into negotiations with the strikers and practically conceded their demands. The strikers thereupon raised other demands. These were firmly refused and the government proceeded to adopt vigorous measures to end the strike. These were completely successful and the strike collapsed. — Municipal elections in Vienna occurred in August and resulted in an overwhelming victory for the anti-Semites. MINOR EUROPEAN STATES. — In Belgium the chief event of political interest was the election of members of parliament in May. The results showed a gain for the opposition (Liberal) of five seats in the Chamber and two in the Senate. The main issue was the hostility of the Liberals to the growth of clerical influence, particularly in educational and political affairs. — In Denmark the most generally discussed question has been the proposal to incorporate a provision in the new criminal code legalizing corporal punishment for certain offenses. Laws were passed for making loans to peasants and for regulating the observance of holidays. Projects of law relating to civil marriage and for the extension of the suffrage failed of adoption. — In Holland parliamentary elections occurred in August and resulted in the triumph of the Conservatives, who were in the minority in the last parliament. The speech from the throne at the opening of parliament urged a new system of education, an old age insurance law and a modification of the law of limited partnerships. A government bill which proposed to grant holders of diplomas issued by private sectarian universities the same rights and privileges as are granted to graduates of state institutions was defeated in the upper chamber in consequence of the opposition of the entire Left. - Norway and Sweden were concerned chiefly with the problem of insuring their own neutrality in the event of the extension of the Russo-Japanese war to Europe. The Norwegian gov ernment decided to establish an important naval base on the northern coast of Norway, the site to be strongly fortified. At the opening of the Norwegian Storthing in October the King announced a bill to revise the customs tariff with a view to the protection of labor. Other note worthy matters were the enactment by the Swedish parliament of a new homestead law which sets apart a large fund to be loaned to agricultural laborers for the purchase of lands, and the recrudescence of an old boundary dispute between the two countries which has been aggravated by a fisheries dispute. In the politics of Portugal the chief event was the resignation, in October, of the cabinet in consequence of the refusal of the king to adjourn Parliament. — In Greece parliament was dissolved in October. In Servia, Peter Karageorgevitch, was solemnly crowned on September 21. From the region of the Balkans come the usual reports of disturbances and atrocities. Ottoman troops have annihilated bands of Bulgarian insurgents and these have in turn pillaged and devastated the surrounding country. Friction developed between the Ottoman government and the governments of Austria and of Russia relative to the execution of the Austro-Russian reform scheme (see last RECORD, p. 355). The difficulty arose over the opposition of the Porte to the demand of the Austrian and Russian governments for an increase in the number of the foreign officers of the gendarmerie. V. ASIA AND AFRICA. ASIA. In June reports of wholesale Turkish massacres of Armenians in the Sassoun district reached the outside world. It was asserted that whole villages had been destroyed and thousands of persons put to death by the Turkish soldiery. According to a statement made by M. Delcassé, June 9, in the French Chamber of Deputies, the Porte was informed that the time for repression had passed and that the French government would hold Turkey responsible for the atrocities. — In China a recrudescence of the Boxer movement occurred in the provinces of Shantung and Pechili. Many missionaries were compelled to flee for their lives. On the occasion of the seventieth birthday of the dowager empress an edict was issued pardoning, with three exceptions, all persons connected with the reform movemant of 1898. In consequence of the distressed conditions prevailing in Manchuria and Kwangsi, a decree was issued commanding viceroys and other high officials to abstain from sending presents to the empress. Another decree referred to the straitened condition of the finances and ordered the abolition of various offices and posts in the provinces. Still another decree ordered an inquiry into the slipshod method of collecting the land tax By an imperial edict of May 18 the ports of Chinanfu, Weishien and Chantsun on the Shuntung peninsula were opened to the commerce of the world. In June it was announced that the government of the Chinese Empire had become a signatory to the Geneva Red Cross Convention and that the empress had subscribed 100,000 taels for the benefit of the Red Cross society. To meet the expenses of the war with Russia the government of Japan raised two loans of $50,000,000 each, one of -- which was taken in New York and London at six per cent interest, while the other was a domestic loan bearing interest at five per cent. Late in September it was announced that a new domestic loan of $40,000,000 at five per cent had been decided upon. AFRICA. - An event which has caused general regret in all the British colonies of South Africa was the resignation in October of Lord Milner, high commissioner since 1897. - The Cape Colony government was defeated, May 23, on a proposition for a reduction of the estimates. Legislative measures enacted were: a bill to exclude Chinese indentured labor; an act to provide for the better administration of justice and an act to regulate the sale of firearms and ammunition. The colonial revenues for the fiscal year ending June 30 amounted to £9,910,000 and the expenditures £10,849,000. In the Transvaal interest has centered chiefly in the experiments with Chinese labor in the mines of the Rand. Many thousand Chinese laborers have been introduced since the enactment of the labor ordinance in January (see last RECORD, p. 367). Elaborate regulations were promulgated in April for enforcing the conditions prescribed in the labor ordinance and in the Anglo-Chinese convention regarding the introduction of coolies into the Transvaal. It has been decided (see GREAT BRITAIN) that an elective element shall be introduced into the Legislative Council of the Transvaal. — In April the British secretary of state for war announced in the House of Commons that in view of the defeat of the Mad Mullah and his flight into Italian territory the government had decided to discontinue military operations in Somaliland. Shortly thereafter it was reported that the Mad Mullah was again on the war path with 6,000 followers well supplied with ammunition and transport. The rebellion of the Herreros in German South West Africa (see last RECORD, p. 367) continued throughout the early summer to tax the energies of the German authorities. In May Lieutenant General von Trotha was sent to take command of the German forces, amounting to some 10,000 men in this quarter, and on August 11 he broke the back of the rebellion in an all day battle with 6,000 natives at Hamarkari. The Herrero leaders were killed, and thousands of their cattle were captured or dispersed. Five German officers and nineteen men were killed. From the Congo Free State have come reports of revolting cruelties practised on the natives by white officials and others. British sentiment in particular has been aroused and the "Congo atrocities" occupied a prominent part in the debates of Parliament throughout the summer. In August it was announced that the Belgian government had appointed a commission of three judges, two Belgian and one foreign, to conduct an exhaustive investigation into the condition of affairs in the Congo State. J. W. GARNER. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. し in the City of New York Columbia University includes both a college and a university in the strict sense of the words. The college is Columbia College, founded in 1754 as King's College. The university consists of the Faculties of Law, Medicine, Philosophy, Political Science, Pure Science, and Applied Science. The point of contact between the college and the university is the senior year of the college, during which year students in the college pursue their studies, with the consent of the college faculty, under one or more of the faculties of the university. Barnard College, a college for women, is financially a separate corporation; but, educationally, is a part of the system of Columbia University. Teachers College, a professional school for teachers, is also, financially, a separate corporation; and also, educationally, a part of the system of Columbia University. Each college and school is under the charge of its own faculty, except that the Schools of Mines, Chemistry, Engineering, and Architecture are all under the charge of the Faculty of Applied Science. For the care and advancement of the general interests of the university educational system, as a whole, a Council has been established, which is representative of all the corporations concerned. I. The Colleges Columbia College offers for men a course of four years, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Candidates for admission to the college must be at least fifteen years of age, and pass an examination on prescribed subjects, the particulars concerning which may be found in the annual Circular of Information. Barnard College, founded in 1889, offers for women a course of four years, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Candidates for admission to the college must be at least fifteen years of age, and pass an examination on prescribed subjects, the particulars concerning which may be found in the annual Circular of Information. II. The University In a technical sense, the Faculties of Law, Medicine, Philosophy, Political Science, Pure Science, and Applied Science, taken together constitute the university. These faculties offer advanced courses of study and investigation, respectively, in (a) private or municipal law, (b) medicine, (c) philosophy, philology, and letters, (d) history, economics, and public law, (e) mathematics and natural science, and (f) applied science. Courses of study under all of these faculties are open to members of the senior class in Columbia College. Certain courses under the non-professional faculties are open to women who have taken the first degree. These courses lead, through the Bachelor's degree, to the university degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy. The degree of Master of Laws is also conferred for advanced work in law done under the Faculties of Law and Political Science together. III. The Professional Schools sional courses for teachers, that lead to a diploma of the university. The School of Law, established in 1858, offers a course of three years in the principles and practice of private and public law, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Laws. 2. The College of Physicians and Surgeons, founded in 1807, offers a course of four years in the principles and practice of medicine and surgery, leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. 3. The School of Mines, founded in 1863, offers courses of study, each of four years, leading to a professional degree, in mining engineering and in metallurgy. 4. The Schools of Chemistry, Engineering, and Architecture, set off from the School of Mines in 1896, offer, respectively, courses of study, each of four years, leading to an appropriate professional degree, in analytical and applied chemistry; in civil, sanitary, electrical, and mechanical engineering; and in architecture. 5. Teachers College, founded in 1888 and chartered in 1889, was included in the university in 1898. It offers the following course of study: (a) graduate courses leading to the Master's and Doctor's diplomas in the several departments of the college; (b) professional courses, each of two years, leading to the Bachelor's diploma for Secondary Teaching, Elementary Teaching, Kindergarten, Domestic Art, Domestic Science, Fine Arts, Music, and Manual Training; (c) a collegiate course of two years, which, if followed by a two-year professional course, leads to the degree of Bachelor of Science. Certain of its courses may be taken, without extra charge, by students of the university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Philosophy. The price of the University catalogue is twenty-five cents postpaid. Detailed information regarding the work in any department will be furnished without charge upon application to the Secretary of Columbia University, New York, N.Y. FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Nicholas Murray Butler, LL.D., President. J. W. Burgess, LL.D., Professor of Political Science and Constitutional Law. Munroe Smith, J.U.D., Professor of Comparative Jurisprudence. F. J. Goodnow, LL.D., Professor of Administrative Law. E. R. A. Seligman, Ph.D., Professor of Political Economy and Finance. H. L. Osgood, Ph.D., Professor of History. Wm. A. Dunning, Ph.D., Professor of History. J. B. Moore, LL.D., Professor of International Law. F. H. Giddings, LL.D., Professor of Sociology. J. B. Clark, LL.D., Professor of Political Economy. J. H. Robinson, Ph.D., Professor of History. W. M. Sloane, L.H.D., Professor of History. H. R. Seager, Ph.D., Adjunct Professor of Political Economy. H. L. Moore, Ph.D., Adjunct Professor of Political Economy. W. R. Shepherd, Ph.D., Instructor in History. A. S. Johnson, Ph.D., Tutor in Economics. H. A. Cushing, Ph.D., Lecturer in History. J. T. Shotwell, Ph.D., Instructor in History. G. W. Botsford, Ph.D., Lecturer in History. G. J. Bayles, Ph.D., Lecturer in Sociology. SCHEME OF INSTRUCTION GROUP I. HISTORY AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY SUBJECT A. European History, sixteen courses. SUBJECT D. Ancient History, seven courses. GROUP II. PUBLIC LAW AND COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE SUBJECT A. Constitutional Law, four courses. SUBJECT B. International Law, four courses. SUBJECT D. Roman Law and Comparative Jurisprudence, seven courses. GROUP III. ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE SUBJECT A. Political Economy and Finance, fifteen courses. Most of the courses consist chiefly of lectures; a smaller number take the form of research under the direction of a professor. In each subject is held at least one seminar for the training of candidates for the higher degrees. The degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. are given to students who fulfill the requirements prescribed by the University Council. (For particulars, see Columbia University Bulletins of Information, Faculty of Political Science.) Any person not a candidate for a degree may attend any of the courses at any time by payment of a proportional fee. University fellowships of $650 each, the Schiff fellowship of $600, the Curtis fellowship of $600 and university scholarships of $150 each are awarded to applicants who give evidence of special fitness to pursue advanced studies. Several prizes of from $50 to $250 are awarded. The library contains about 300,000 volumes, and students have access to other great collections in the city. |