regular series of bibliographies published by the Institute. The present volume does not include the Scandinavian, Spanish or Dutch literature, although it contains Hungarian titles, due to the fact that the work originally appeared in a Hungarian review. The editor promises, however, to add the missing countries from year to year, in which case the work will not belie its title.

We have to record three additions to the literature of the history of economic theory. Dr. Carl Ilgner portrays in a volume of almost 300 pages the mediaval economic doctrines as contained in the works of Antony of Florence, who wrote at the beginning of the fifteenth century. During the past decade, attention has repeatedly been called to the fact that the archbishop's theological works contain some very interesting passages on the theory of value, and the concept of capital, as well as on the practical questions of the day. It has been reserved, however, for Dr. Ilgner to make a detailed and, on the whole, adequate study of the subject under the title of Die volkswirtschaftlichen Anschauungen Antonins von Florenz (Paderborn, Ferdinand Schöning).

A more familiar topic has been treated by Dr. Edouard Dessein, in his book, entitled Galiani et la question de la monnaie au xviiie siècle (Langres, Imprimerie Champenoise). M. Dessein calls especial attention to the importance attached by Galiani to the subjective side of the theory of utility and value.

An interesting and novel monograph is that by Professor SouvaireJourdan, entitled Isaac de Bacalan, et les idées libre-échangistes en France vers le milieu du dix-huitième siècle (Paris, Larose). M. Souvaire-Jourdan discovered in the Bordeaux library a manuscript of philosophical reflections on free trade which Bacalan wrote in 1764. This is now published in full, with a long introduction and some notes. In the admirable introduction, which also contains a life of Bacalan, M. Souvaire-Jourdan points out in detail the three sources of the freetrade theory in France. First came Argenson, with his a priori, laissezfaire views, afterwards systematized by the Physiocrats; secondly, came the agricultural influence, which was then as strongly in favor of free trade as it is to-day protectionist. Thirdly, came what might be called the scientific view of economics, due probably to the translation of Hume. Bacalan must be considered as perhaps the most important representative of this third class. The monograph is a distinct contribution to the history of economics.

The title of Miss Frances A. Kellor's Experimental Sociology (New York, The Macmillan Co., 1902) gives a wrong idea of the contents of the book. In accordance with the author's own definitions and ex

planations it should be called "Criminal Sociology." It is an observational study of crime, and is experimental only in so far as it is limited and inconclusive. It records a first-hand physical, psychical and sociological examination of 55 white female students, 60 white female criminals and 90 negro criminals, undertaken for a synthetic study of the causes of crime. Through the omission of tables and charts the author has so far condensed her material as to render her schedules unilluminating in themselves; and in her anxiety to withhold her own theories, she has failed to interpret her materials. The latter part of the book embodies a discussion of the influence upon crime of climate and education, and touches upon the increase of criminality among women. In this part of the book we find a valuable report upon the provisions made for the discipline of the criminal in the Eastern states. In her portrayal of existing conditions, the author reveals at once discrimination and judgment. It is when she approaches the constructive in criticism that she shows weakness and incapacity. Notwithstanding the partial failure of her efforts, Miss Kellor deserves commendation for enterprise and energy. Her research among criminals has been indefatigable, and her faithful persistence in the face of disheartening opposition merits admiration.

In an age of rapid social and political evolution, much writing on "problems" is inevitable, and the "leading reviews" can be trusted to fill their pages with solutions made out of hand by untrained "thinkers" whose clever journalistic style is worth more in dollars and cents to publishers than the conscientious reflections of disciplined students. Sociological quackery is only less profitable than medical quackery in money and in notoriety. There is this difference however: the sociological quack is often a sincere person. We suspect that Mr. H. G. Wells, the author of Mankind in the Making (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1904), takes himself seriously, and it is possible that some of his readers also may take him seriously. His book is a plea for babies, and "lots of them," and a discussion of educational influences. It has all appeared in periodicals, and has received much attention from the reviewers. It is enough to say of it that in the most distressing way it mixes up a great deal of good sense and sharp criticism of fads and follies, with variegated vagaries and abundant misinformation.

Félix Alcan publishes a work which will prove of interest to the student of sociology, L'Idée d'évolution dans la nature et dans l'histoire (Paris, 1903; 406 pp.) by Gaston Richard, whose writings on social science are already well known. In this, as in his other works,

while M. Richard displays little originality or profundity of thought, his exposition is lucid and helpful.

M. Léon Lallemand's Histoire de la Charité (Tome I, L'Antiquité; Picard, 1902), is the work of a man who has "devoted his life to the sacred cause of the poor." As official in the Administration of Public Charities, he witnessed the distresses which followed the siege of Paris, and at the suggestion of Léon Gautier began then the investigations which have resulted in the present history. Long practical experience and a genuine sympathy with the poor, joined with a careful scholarly method, make the work doubly acceptable. It is written for the most part directly from the sources, and generous footnotes are supplied throughout. M. Lallemand has divided his subject into five sections, of which the first covers the field of all antiquity as far as Constantine, the second the rise of the Church, the third the Middle Ages, the fourth the transition to the present, the fifth the nineteenth century. The prospectus leads one to look forward especially to the fifth section as the most original in plan, and most valuable from the practical knowledge of the author.

A useful contribution to descriptive sociology is Homeric Society, a Sociological Study of the Iliad and Odyssey, by Dr. Albert Galloway Keller, Instructor in Social Science in Yale University (New York, Longmans, Green & Co., 1902). Primarily it is an arrangement under sociological categories of the information contained in the Greek epics. This is supplemented throughout, however, by data and critical considerations drawn from other sources. The categories are: Ethnic Environment; Industrial Organization; Religious Ideas and Usages; Property; Marriage and the Family; Government, Classes, Justice. This arrangement may be criticised as not sufficiently separating the strictly primitive from the later phases of Homeric society. To make that distinction clear it would be better to follow the chapter on Ethnic Environment with an account of the primitive economy, the religious ideas and usages that grew out of it, and the primitive social organization of marriage, family, clan and tribe; then to present an account of the industrial organization that developed after religion and tribal society had appeared; the law - including property relations that grew out of the industrial relations and social organization; and the political organization - including government - that supplemented both industry and law. The book is well supplied with references, tables of representative passages, and indices.

M. Albert Métin's L'Inde d'aujourdhui (Paris, Librairie Armand Colin, 1903; 304 pp.) savors somewhat of the gossipy tales of Herodotus.

Descriptions of landscape architecture, and customs, alternating with allusions to the traditions of exploits of local heroes and demigods, make up a sufficiently interesting, and sometimes instructive narrative. M. Métin speaks with no greater authority than that of a tourist; but it would not be easy to find a more eager and intelligent one than he. The two concluding chapters, on Indian agriculture and industry respectively, are of more substantial value, presenting in small compass what one would otherwise have to glean laboriously from more pretentious works.

The Evolution of Modern Liberty, by Dr. George L. Scherger (New York, Longmans, Green & Co., 1904) is a painstaking piece of critical research, undertaken as a doctoral dissertation at the suggestion of Professor Max Lenz of Berlin. The author has attempted to trace the genesis of the political theories embodied in the Bills of Rights and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man, and to show that these documents are products of a long development. He controverts the thesis of Professor Jellinek that the French Declaration of the Rights of Man is little more than a transcription of clauses from the Bills of Rights of the American states, and at the same time he disagrees with M. Boutmy in attributing the origin of the Declaration chiefly to Rousseau's influence.

Among the efforts to awaken in the minds of boys and girls an intelligent interest in public affairs, a series of articles that recently appeared in the Youth's Companion and now collected in an attractive volume, The Ship of State, by Those at the Helm (Boston, Ginn & Co., 1903) is deserving of a word of praise. The article on the presidency was written by Mr. Roosevelt while he was governor of New York. Henry Cabot Lodge writes about the life of a senator, and Thomas B. Reed on the life of a congressman. Justice Brewer tells about the Supreme Court, and John D. Long about life in the Navy and about the naval war college. Other articles are: "How our Soldiers are Fed" by William Carey Sanger; "How the Army is Clothed," by General M. F. Ludington; "Good Manners and Diplomacy," by William R. Day; "How Foreign Treaties are Made," by Henry Cabot Lodge; "Uncle Sam's Law Business," by John K. Richards; and "The American Post Office," by W. L. Wilson. Among the best articles are those by Mr. Reed and Justice Brewer. Mr. Lodge's account of the life of a senator, and the articles on the feeding and clothing of the army, leave many interesting things unsaid. The book contains excellent portraits.

An unpretentious record of what has thus far been accomplished in

an exceedingly interesting experiment in popular education is contained in Charles Sprague Smith's Working with the People (New York, A. Wessels & Co., 1904). It is the story of the organization and activities of the People's Institute of New York, which has attained such dimensions that the great hall of the Cooper Institute is no longer adequate for it. Mr. Smith has succeeded in bringing together trained lecturers and teachers of diverse views and a great audience of middle class and working people, and in maintaining discussions that are really free and many-sided; in creating, in short, a true democratic forum. No one, we think, can read the story of his achievement without being greatly impressed by its genuine worth and promise.

In a little volume of 104 pages, entitled The Teaching of History, and published by the Cambridge University Press, some half-dozen English scholars have set forth their achievements and aspirations on behalf of this favorite study. Maitland furnishes the introduction, while the essays are written by Gwatkin, Poole, Tanner, Cunningham, Ashley and others. Among the subjects discussed are the teaching of ecclesiastical history, of paleography and diplomatics, of ancient history, of constitutional history, of economic history. The teaching of history in the lower schools also receives separate treatment. The essays are all suggestive and stimulating.

Under the title of Rights of Man in America (The Imperial Press, Cleveland, 1903; 123 pp.) Professor John Bach McMaster publishes three lectures which were originally delivered before a chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The lectures contain a valuable and interesting summary of the steps by which, from the beginning of the Revolution until about 1850, the various legal restrictions. on the so-called inalienable rights mentioned in the Declaration of Independence were abolished. His array of facts forcibly illustrates the wide divergence between the ideals of the Revolutionists and the actual conditions existing at the time; between those ideals and the reforms which were then possible. Equally impressive, however, is the recital of the steps by which in the states the inequalities were done away, and the free and equal use of life, liberty and property have been approximately guaranteed to all.

So great has been the demand for the reprinting of the early volumes of the Collections of the Wisconsin Historical Society, that it has been decided to reissue the first series of ten volumes at the rate of two a year. The first has come to hand, and contains in addition to a reprint of the contents of the original edition, a memoir and bibliography of Lyman C. Draper, prepared by Mr. Thwaites. The latest volume