ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES.

Abbott (or Gr.), Abbott's Shakespearian Grammar (third edition).

A. S., Anglo-Saxon.

A. V., Authorized Version of the Bible (1611).

B. and F., Beaumont and Fletcher.

B. J., Ben Jonson.

Camb. ed., "Cambridge edition" of Shakespeare, edited by Clark and Wright.

Cf. (confer), compare.

Clarke, "Cassell's Illustrated Shakespeare," edited by Charles and Mary Cowden Clarke (London, n. d.).

Coll., Collier (second edition).

Coll. MS., Manuscript Corrections of Second Folio, edited by Collier.

Craik, Craik's English of Shakespeare (Rolfe's edition).

D., Dyce (second edition).

H., Hudson ("Harvard" edition).

Halliwell, J. O. Halliwell (folio ed. of Shakespeare).

Id. (idem), the same.

K., Knight (second edition).

N., North's Plutarch.

Nares, Glossary, edited by Halliwell and Wright (London, 1859).
Prol., Prologue.

Rich., Richardson's Dictionary (London, 1830),

S., Shakespeare.

Schmidt, A. Schmidt's Shakespeare-Lexicon (Berlin, 1874).

Sr., Singer.

St., Staunton.

Theo., Theobald.

V., Verplanck.

W., R. Grant White.

Walker, Wm. Sidney Walker's Critical Examination of the Text of Shakespeare (London, 1860).

Warb., Warburton.

Wb., Webster's Dictionary (revised quarto edition of 1879).

Worc., Worcester's Dictionary (quarto edition).

Wr., W. A. Wright's "Clarendon Press" ed. of 7. C. (Oxford, 1878).

The abbreviations of the names of Shakespeare's Plays will be readily understood; as T. N. for Twelfth Night, Cor. for Coriolanus, 3 Hen. VI. for The Third Part of King Henry the Sixth, etc. P. P. refers to The Passionate Pilgrim; V. and A. to Venus and Adonis; L. C. to Lover's Complaint; and Sonn. to the Sonnets.

When the abbreviation of the name of a play is followed by a reference to page, Rolfe's edition of the play is meant.

The numbers of the lines (except for the present play) are those of the "Globe" ed.

SCENE I. In the folio of 1623 the play is divided into acts, but not into scenes, and there is no list of dramatis persone. The heading of Act I. is as follows: "Actus Primus. Scana Prima. Enter Flauius, Murellus, and certaine Commoners ouer the Stage." The spelling Murellus is found throughout the play, except in one instance (i. 2. 278), where we find "Murrellus and Flauius, for pulling Scarffes off Casars Images, are put to silence." The name in N. is Marullus, and Theo. corrected it here.

3. Being mechanical. "Cobblers, tapsters, or such like base mechanical people" (N.). S. uses both mechanic and mechanical as noun and as adjective. Cf. M. N. D. iii. 2. 9: "rude mechanicals;" 2 Hen. IV. v. 5. 38: "by most mechanical and dirty hand;" Cor. v. 3. 83: "Rome's mechanics;" A. and C. v. 2. 209: "mechanic slaves."

Ought not walk. On the omission of to, see Gr. 349.

man, etc.

4. A labouring day. As Craik remarks, labouring here is not the participle, but the verbal noun (or gerund) used as an adjective. Cf. the expressions a walking-stick, a writing-desk, etc. The participle in -ing is active, and it remains so when used as an adjective; as in a labouring When used as a noun, which rarely occurs in English, it denotes the agent. Thus "the erring" means those who err, as amans in Latin means a lover. The verbal noun in -ing, on the other hand, denotes the act (as "labouring is wearisome "), like the Latin gerund amandi, etc. This verbal noun is commonly called a "participial noun" in the grammars, but it has no etymological connection with the participle. In early English (as in A. S.) the two had different forms. The ending of the participle was ande (and), ende (end), or inde, and that of the verbal noun was ing or ung; but the former went out of use, and the latter came to do service for both. This change began before the year 1300, but in the time of Chaucer the old participial ending was still occasionally used, and it is found in Scotch writers even to the end of the sixteenth century.

The following are examples of the participle and the verbal noun used with their appropriate endings in the same sentence:

"Hors, or hund, or othir thing

That war plesand to their liking.”—Barbour (1357).

"Full low inclinand to their queen full clear

Whom for their noble nourishing they thank."-Dunbar (Ellis's Spec.).

5. What trade art thou? Either trade is equivalent to tradesman (as Craik makes it), or of is understood. Cf. Gr. 202. On the use of thou and you in S., see Gr. 232.

6. 1 Citizen. The folio has "Car." (that is, Carpenter), and for 2 Citizen either "Cobl." or 66 Cob." (Cobbler).

12. Answer me directly. That is, explicitly, without ambiguity. Cf. iii. 3.9 below. It is hardly necessary to say that cobbler meant not only a mender of shoes, but a clumsy workman at any trade; and the latter sense is not wholly unknown even now.

14. A mender of bad soles. For the quibble, cf. M. of V. iv. 1. 123: "Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew." Malone quotes Fletcher's Woman Pleased:

"If thou dost this, there shall be no more shoe-mending;
Every man shall have a special care of his own soul,

And carry

in his pocket his two confessors.'

15. What trade, thou knave? The folio gives this speech to Flavius, but the "Mend me, thou saucy fellow?" shows that it belongs to Marullus. 16. Be not out with me, etc. The play upon out with and out (at the toes) is obvious.

24. But withal, etc. This is the folio reading, and may well enough be retained. "What the cobbler means to say is, that although he meddles not with tradesmen's matters or women's matters, he is withal (making at the same time his little pun) a surgeon to old shoes" (W.). K. and Coll. print "but with all. I am," etc. D., the Camb. ed., and H. have "but with awl. I am," etc.

25. As proper men, etc. See M. of V. p. 132 (note on A proper man's picture), and cf. Temp. ii. 2. 62: "as proper a man as ever went on four legs;" and Id. ii. 2. 73: "any emperor that ever trod on neat's leather."

31. His triumph. This was in honour of his successes in Spain, whence he had returned late in the preceding September, after defeating the sons of Pompey at the battle of Munda (March 17th, B.C. 45). It was Cæsar's fifth and last triumph.

37. Many a time. Trench (English Past and Present) explains "many a man as a corruption of "many of men;" but Abbott (Gr. 85) show's that the " many" is probably used as an adverb. Cf. the German mancher (adj.) Mann with manch (adv.) ein Mann, etc. In A. S. the idiom

was many man, not many a man. Cf. M. of V. p. 135.

42. Pass the streets. Cf. T. G. of V. iv. 3. 24: "the ways are dangerous to pass." See Gr. 198.

43. And when you saw his chariot but appear. That is, saw but his chariot appear. See Gr. 129 and 420.

45. That Tiber trembled, etc.

On this common ellipsis of so before

that, see Gr. 283. The river is here personified as feminine; as in i. 2. IOI below (see note there). Cf. Milton, P. L. iii. 359:

"the river of bliss through midst of Heaven Rolls o'er Elysian flowers her amber stream." Reply to, echo of.

51. Replication of.

52. Be gone! On these brief "interjectional lines," see Gr. 512. 58. Tiber banks. This use of proper names as adjectives is common in S. Cf. v. 5. 19 below: "Here in Philippi fields." See Gr. 22.

61. Whether. The folio prints "where" here, as in v. 4. 30 below, but it often has whether when the word is a monosyllable (see on ii. 1. 194 below). Cf. Gr. 466. Some modern eds. read "whe'r" or "whêr." Metal. Used interchangeably with mettle in the early eds. See K. John, p. 148.

65. Deck'd with ceremonies. This is the reading of the folio, and is retained by all the editors except W. and H., who have "ceremony." Ceremonies may mean "honorary ornaments" (Malone), or what are afterwards called "Cæsar's trophies," and described as "scarfs " hung on his images. Wr. compares Hen. V. iv. I. 109: "his ceremonies laid by," etc. 67. The feast of Lupercal. The Lupercal was a cavern in the Palatine Hill, sacred to Lupercus, the old Italian god of fertility, who came to be identified with Pan. Thus Virgil (Æn. viii. 344) speaks of the place as "sub rupe Lupercal

Parrhasio dictum Panos de more Lycaei."

Here the feast of the Lupercalia was held every year, in the month of February. After certain sacrifices and other rites, the Luperci (or priests of Lupercus) ran through the city wearing only a cincture of goatskin, and striking with leather thongs all whom they met. This performance was a symbolic purification of the land and the people. The festal day was called dies februata (from februare, to purify), the month in which it occurred Februarius, and the god himself Februus.

73. Pitch.

A technical term for the height to which a falcon soars. See Rich. II. p. 153.

SCENE II. The heading in the folio is, "Enter Cæsar, Antony for the Course, Calphurnia, Portia, Decius, Cicero, Brutus, Cassius, Caska, a Soothsayer: after them Murellus and Flauius." Calphurnia is the name of Cæsar's wife throughout the play, and also in N. (eds. of 1579 and 1612*), though Craik and W. say that it is Calpurnia in the latter authority. Calpurnia was the classical form of the name.

Decius. His true name was Decimus Brutus. "The error, however, is as old as the edition of Plutarch's Greek text produced by Henry Stephens in 1572; and it occurs likewise in the accompanying Latin translation, and both in Amyot's and Dacier's French, as well as in North's English. It is also found in Philemon Holland's translation of Suetonius, published in 1606. Lord Stirling, in his Julius Cæsar, probably misled in like manner by North, has fallen into the same mistake" (Craik). It may be noted, also, that it was this Decimus Brutus who had been the special favourite of Cæsar, and not Marcus Junius Brutus, as represented in the play.

* In some later editions (as in that of 1676) the name is changed to Calpurnia.