French imperial guards. The unfortunate individuals who had been spared in the massacre and made prisoners, were preserved for execution. Three groups of 40 each, were successively shot in the Prado, and untold numbers were put to death in the neighbourhood of two of the principal churches. The inhabitants were forced to illuminate their houses for the security of the oppressors, from midnight vengeance; and the dead and the dying might be seen as distinctly as in broad noon-day, lying in heaps on the bloody pavement. When morning came, the same mockery of justice was continued, and fresh murders committed deliberately, under the sanction of a tribunal, of which Grouchy was the head, during several succeeding days.

The junta, or council of government at Madrid, betrayed their country: they nominated Murat their president, and Don Antonio, (May 5th,) was sent off to Bayonne. The epistolary intercourse of Ferdinand was falsified and intercepted; the inquisition fulminated its anathemas against the enemies of France, and denominated the late example of resistance a disgraceful tumult:" petitions dictated by Murat were presented to Buonaparte, imploring him to secure the happiness of Spain by elevating his brother to the throne; and on the 6th of June, Joseph was declared by Napoleon, king of Spain and of the Indies, with a formal guarantee of the independence and integrity of his states in Europe, Africa, Asia, and America.

1808.

Abandoned as they were by one part of the royal family, deprived of the rest, forsaken by those nobles and statesmen on whose talents and patriotism they had formerly fixed their hopes, betrayed by their government, their strong places and frontier passes in possession of the enemy, the flower of their own troops in the north of Europe, 60,000 French accustomed to victory, and already flushed with Spanish slaughter in their capital, and in the heart of their country,-under these complicated disasters, the Spanish people rose in universal insurrection against the

mightiest military power that ever yet existed; a force not less tremendous for its magnitude than its admirable organization. A spirit of patriotism burst forth which astonished the surrounding nations. The records and legends of antient chivalry, the histories of the Cid and Hernan Cortes, the enthusiasm peculiar to the national faith, all conspired to animate and encourage their love of independence, and their hatred of foreign usurpation. The most energetic proclamations, appealing to the memory of their ancestors, their honor as Spaniards, and the protection of their tutelary saints, were circulated with laudable activity, and the exertions of the clergy powerfully contributed to spread throughout the provinces, the flame of patriotism.

Among the persons who had accompanied Ferdinand to Bayonne, was Don Joseph Palafox, the younger of three brothers, of one of the most distinguished families in Arragon. He was about thirtyfour years of age, had been all his life in the Spanish guards without having seen actual service, and at Madrid was distinguished for the splendor and fashion of his appearance. At the revolution of Aranjuez, he was selected to be second in command, under the marquis de Castellar, to whose custod, the prince de la Paz was committed. From Bayonne he escaped in the disguise of a peasant, to his country-seat near Saragossa. The captain-general of Arragon, Guillidmiah, was a traitor, and attempted to disarm the people they seized him and threw him in prison, and the inhabitants of Saragossa, and of the neighbouring villages, conferred the government by acclamation, upon Palafox. The adjacent provinces of Navarre and Catalonia were occupied by the French; the passes of the Pyrenees leading, directly into Arragon, were open, and Murat, with the main body of the French army, was on the other side of Madrid. Thus surrounded by the enemy, and in a defenceless city, the walls and gates of Saragossa being merely for the purpose of levying the customs, Palafox declared war against the

French. The regular troops which he mustered amounted only to 220 men, and the public treasury could furnish him with no more than 2000 reals, a sum not quite equal to twenty English guineas.

Catalonia and Navarre were in possession of the French in every other province the spirit of resistance had gradually increased. The captain-general of Grenada was deprived of his command, for endeavoring to suppress the public spirit. At Carthagena, a similar revolution was effected. Count Florida Blanca, at the age of eighty, came from the retirement in which he had designed to pass the remainder of his life, to proclaim Ferdinand in Murcia, and hoist the standard of independence; and the junta of Seville established in all towns within their jurisdiction, containing 2000 householders, corresponding juntas, who were to enlist all the inhabitants between the ages of sixteen and forty-five, and embody them. They declared war against the emperor Napoleon, and against France, in the name of Ferdinand and of all the Spanish nation, protesting that they would not lay down their arms till that emperor restored to them their whole royal family, and respected the violated rights, liberties, and independence of the nation. By the same declaration, they made it known that they had contracted an armistice with England, and that they hoped to conclude with that country a lasting peace. This manifesto was succeeded by a series of admirable instructions, to be observed in the conduct of the war and the arrangement of the armies. The supreme junta of Seville thus confessedly took the lead of the other constituted authorities. Availing themselves of several antient statutes, by which they were authorised to reject the orders of the supreme council of Madrid when that capital should be occupied by a foreign enemy, they assumed the sole direction of the forces and resources of the kingdom. To this pre-eminence they were justly entitled by the relative importance of the province of Andalusia, which contained the greatest number of veteran troops, the only foundery of cannon in foundery of cannon in

the Spanish dominions, and the most ample stores of arms and ammunition. It was likewise the nearest province to Gibraltar, and could therefore most easily receive assistance from Great Britain.

One of the first measures of the junta of Asturias was to despatch two noblemen as deputies to England. They came off from Gijon in an open boat, and got to an English privateer which happened to be cruizing off that port. Their arrival was soon followed by information that the insurrection had burst out in Andalusia, as well as in the north, and along the whole south of Spain.-Never was any intelligence received with more general joy. Notwithstanding the numerous hostilities in which Spain had been involved with England, first through its connection with the Bourbons, and afterwards from the ascendancy which the directory and Buonaparte had obtained over an infamous minister, an imbecile king, and a wretched government, the English had always regarded the Spaniards as the most honorable people with whom they were engaged either in commerce or in war; nor was there ever a war in which some new instance of honor and generosity on their part did not make us regret that they were our enemies. Hitherto the present contest had been carried on with little hope. No other sympathy than that of mere political interest was ever felt in our alliance with Austria or with the Czar; but, from the moment that the Spaniards called upon us for aid, we felt that we had obtained allies worthy of our own good cause, and the war assumed a higher and a holier character. It now became truly, avowedly, and plainly, to every man's understanding, a war for all good principles; and we looked on to the end with faith as well as hope. Never since the glorious morning of the French revolution, before one bloody cloud had risen to overcast its beauty, had the heart of England been affected with so generous and universal a joy. Those who had been panic-struck by the atrocities of the French demagogues, rejoiced to perceive the uniform and dignified order which the Spaniards observed in all their

proceedings, and their adherence to existing establishments ;-firmer and more philosophic minds, whose love of liberty had not been weakened by the horrors which a licentious and unprincipled people committed under that sacred name, were delighted that the Spaniards recurred with one accord to those legitimate forms of freedom, which their paralyzing des potism had so long suspended; the people universally longed to assist a nation who had risen in defence of their country; and professional politicians, not having time to consider, nor being able to foresee in what manner these great events would affect their own party purposes, partook of the popular feeling.

The first parliamentary notice of these proceedings was in a speech of Mr. Sheridan's, made by him for the purpose of stimulating the ministry to a vigorous cooperation with the Spaniards. There had never, he said, existed so happy an opportunity for Great Britain to strike a bold stroke for the rescue of the world. Hitherto Buonaparte had run a victorious race, because he had contended with princes without dignity, and ministers without wisdom, and fought against countries where the people were indifferent as to his success; he had yet to learn what it was to fight against a people who were animated with one spirit against him. Now was the time to stand up fully and fairly for the deliverance of Europe; and, if the ministry would co-operate effectually with the Spanish patriots, they should receive from him as cordial and as sincere a support as if the man whom he most loved were restored to life and power. "Will not," said he, "the animation of the Spanish mind be excited by the knowledge that their cause is espoused, not by ministers alone, but by the parliament and the people of England? If there be a disposition in Spain to resent the insults and injuries, too enormous to be described by language, which they have endured from the tyrant of the earth, will not that disposition be roused to the most sublime exertion by the assurance that their efforts will be cordially aided by a great and

powerful nation? Never was any thing so brave, so generous, so noble, as the conduct of the Spaniards! Never was there a more important crisis than that which their patriotism had thus occasioned in the state of Europe."

Arms, ammunition, and clothing, were despatched to the northern provinces immediately upon the arrival of despatches; "men," they said, "they did not want." The Spanish prisoners were released and sent home; and in the king's speech, (July 4th,) at the close of the session, Spain was recognised as a natural friend and ally. It was therein declared, that the British government would inake every exertion for the support of a people thus nobly struggling against the tyranny and usurpation of France; that it would be guided in the choice and direction of its exertions by the wishes of those in whose behalf they were employed, and that, in contributing to the success of this just and glorious cause, England had no other object than that of preserving unimpaired, the integrity and independence of the Spanish monarchy. An order of council appeared on the same day, announcing that hostilities against Spain had ceased. This measure had been anticipated by our commanders at Gibraltar, and on the Cadiz station. General Castanos, who commanded the Spanish army which had been stationed in the camp of St. Roque to threaten Gibraltar, declared for Ferdinand, opened a communication with sir Hew Dalrymple, then governor of that fortress, and raised a loan there of 50,000 dollars, which was advanced in a few hours by the merchants, without interest and without other security, than the honor of a Spaniard.. A French squadron, consisting of five sail of the line and a frigate, under admiral Rossilly, was lying at Cadiz. Admiral Purvis was invited by the Spaniards to anchor his fleet at the mouth of the harbor, and prevent their escape. The people of Cadiz finding that the marquis de Solano, their governor, endeavored to repress their patriotism, and that he was manifestly in the interest of France, put him to death. The populace

in their indignation, gutted his house, not leaving even a beam standing; but not an article of property was taken. When some one proposed to sell his effects for the benefit of the poor, a general cry made answer, "We want nothing that belonged to a traitor!" The jewels and money which were found, were deposited in the treasury for the public service. The command was then assumed by Don Tomas de Morla, at that time one of the most respectable names in Spain. Morla commanded at Cadiz in 1801, when our expedition appeared before that city, after sir James Pulteney's attempt upon Ferrol, an attack which would have been even more disgraceful than that memorable failure, was threatened, and which, had it succeeded and put us in possession of the place, would have been more fatal in its consequences than the most fatal defeat; for the yellow fever was then raging in the city, this being the first year of its appearance in Spain. Upon this occasion Morla replied to the summons of the British commander in a manner as solemn as it was dignified, telling him under what a visitation the people of Cadiz were suffering. It had its due effect, and sir Ralph Abercrombie instantly forebore from adding the horrors of war to those of pestilence. During the same dreadful season, Morla gave another proof of talent and resolution; for, in defiance of all opposition from the clergy and bigoted populace, he ordered all places of worship to be closed.

Upon his accession to the government, measures were immediately taken for compelling the French fleet to surrender. The French admirals are never deficient either in personal ability or professional skill Rossilly took a defensive position in the channel leading to the Caraccas, out of reach of the works. Knowing that every effort would be made to relieve him, and, probably, fully expecting that the force which would be sent to occupy sent to occupy Cadiz would be able to bear down all resistance that the Spaniards could possibly oppose, his object was to gain time. He proposed, first, to quit the bay, for the purpose, as he said, of tranquillizing the

people, his imposing attitude having occasioned some disquiet. In case the English should not assent to this, he then offered to land his guns, keeping his men on board, and not hoisting his colours; in this case he required that hostages should be exchanged, and demanded protection against the exterior enemy. Morla replied, that, although these proposals were what it became the French admiral to make, it was incompatible with his honor to accept them; that his orders were positive, and he could hear of nothing but an unconditional surrender. Lord Collingwood, who had arrived before Toulon to take the command upon this more important station, offered to cooperate with the Spaniards; but, confident in their own strength, they declined the offer. Batteries were erected on the isle of Leon, and near fort Luiz, and from these and from their gun and mortar-boats, they began the attack, our sailors remaining impatient spectators of a contest carried on at a distance, and protracted from the 9th of June to the 14th, when Rossilly surrendered unconditionally. The subsequent disclosure of Morla's treachery give too much reason to believe that the contest was wilfully prolonged.

When Seville and Cadiz declared for Ferdinand, it became of the utmost importance that a vigorous effort should be made to reduce these important cities; and Dupont, with a considerable force, was instantly despatched upon that service. A long and deep chain of mountains, called the Sierra Morena, divides Andalusia from New Castile and from Estremadura. The passes are exceedingly strong; Dupont crossed them without opposition, and descended on the city of Cordova, which lies at their foot. The city was feebly defended; for the armed inhabitants did not stand their ground, and the regular force was not sufficient to oppose so formidable a body of disciplined troops. He obtained possession of the town after a conflict of two hours; but here his successes ended, for tidings reached him of the surrender of the fleet: the passes of the Sierra were occupied by the peasantry.

the country rose on all sides, and Castanos advanced against him with all the forces of Andalusia, and with a considerable body of troops from Ceuta ; Dupont expected to be joined by 3000 or 4000 men from the army of Junot, who were ordered to proceed along the coast of Algarve, and cross the Guadiana; but a body of English troops from Gibraltar, under general Spenser, took post at Ayamonte, and defeated this intention. Instead of advancing, therefore, to Ecija, where the troops whom he had defeated at Cordova had rallied under Echevarri, he found it necessary to fall back to Andujar, which he pillaged, and afterwards took the road to Baylen. At two in the morning of the next day, Castanos was informed of his retreat; he immediately ordered general Pena to pursue and harass the enemy's rear, expecting that by the advance of general Theodore Reding, brother of Aloys Reding, the Swiss patriot, who had been sent forward to make a feigned attack on Andujar, they would be placed between two fires. The Swiss general having passed the Guadalquiver, and effected a junction with Champagny, was forming his troops at three in the morning of the 19th, to march against Andujar, when Dupont fell upon him, expecting to take him by surprise. The first company of Spaniards both horse and foot, suffered greatly, yet the army at large rapidly took their stations, and repelled their assailants on all points. The action continued with unabated obstinacy on both sides till half past twelve of the following noon, when Dupont, with all his generals, astonished by the courage of forces which they had been accustomed to despise, but who were animated by the noblest feelings, made a last desperate charge, attempting at the same time to break the centre of the Spaniards and turn the right wing. The French, however, were finally repulsed with great loss. Dupont himself being wounded, and 2000 of his men killed. At two o'clock, the division of Pena came up, and, as soon as the guns of his advancedguard began to fire, Dupont sent a flag of truce, and proposed to surrender. The

French general Wedel, had, in the mean time, departed from Madrid with 6000 troops, and, during the truce with Dupont, treacherously attacked Reding, who was totally unprepared for such a violation of the laws of war. The battalion of Cordova was surprised and made prisoners; but the success thus basely obtained was dearly purchased, for Dupont, in consequence, was obliged to include Wedel in the capitulation, with all the French troops who might be stationed between the summit of the the Sierra and Baylen. The French force before the battle, amounted to 14,000, who were killed or became prisoners of war; that of the Spaniards amounted to 25,000 men, who escaped with inconsiderable loss. The cruelty, licentiousness, and cupidity of the French, previous to this conflict, had rendered them the objects of universal detestation. Dupont, after his surrender, invited the Spanish officers to dine, and they unanimously refused, without assigning any apology or excuse, but with an undisguised impulse of abhorrence, shrinking from his intimacy as from one with whom it was infamous to associate. The general and his staff would have been sent to France had it not been for an accident, which inflamed the indignation of the Spaniards to the highest degree. As his baggage was on the way to the water-side to be embarked, some church-plate, part of the plunder from Cordova, fell out of the bags. It was seen by the people, and they instantly seized upon the whole of the plunder, which the fugitives were about to carry off. Dupont and his staff were detained as prisoners, notwithstanding the efforts of De Morla, who, it since appears, was at this very moment in the interest of France.

By the battle of Baylen, Andalusia was left in peace; not a single Frenchman in arms remained in the whole province. The victory was splendid in itself, and of great importance in its immediate consequences: it was worthy of thanksgivings and rejoicings, and policy required that the junta should celebrate it with ostentatious solemnities. Castanos had made a