was taken of the evident confusion which this occurrence excited in the enemy, and from that moment the arrival of the archduke John became unavailing. He had reached Siebenbrunn at four in the afternoon, and was glad to retreat unperceived by the Marchfield. The victory was complete, and was equally discreditable to the arrangements of the Austrian generals, and to the discipline of the troops whom they commanded. Their patriotism and loyalty were undoubted, but they were in great part raw levies, astonished by the almost miraculous passage of the river, and the facility with which their works were rendered useless. A dreadful circumstance took place after the close of the battle. Between 3000 and 4000 men, chiefly Austrians, were reposing in a field of rye which took fire, and most of them, unable to move from their wounds or from fatigue, were thus miserably burnt to death. The archduke Charles declared on the day after the battle, that every regiment which should conduct itself as the left wing had done should be decimated and broken up, the commanding officers cashiered, and the rest dismissed, and that cries of alarm should be punished with death. The French took ten pieces of cannon, and 20,000 prisoners, among whom were nearly 400 officers, while their own loss was reported by Buonaparte to amount to no more than 1500 killed, and from 3000 to 4000 wounded. Considering all the circumstances of the battle, and the tremendous fire upon the centre of the Austrians, their loss in killed and wounded must have considerably exceeded that of the French, whatever it might be. They stated their own loss from the fifth of July when Buonaparte crossed the Danube till the termination of hostilities at 17 generals, 847 officers, 30,471 men, and 4100 horses, killed, wounded, and prisoners; that of the French they computed at one-third less. The field of battle was covered with innumerable dead bodies, and the Austrian army was reduced in the course of its retreat to 60,000 men. The French marshal, Lasnes was killed in the action.

Had the cabinet of Austria possessed the vigor, the foresight, or the honorable feel

ings, that in the present crisis of danger and distress were necessary to the slighest prospect of successful warfare, the spirit of the German people would have co-operated with their views, and that large and popu lous country would have presented one universal scene of insurrection against the incursions of the invader. A formidable rebellion had already been excited in Saxony, Westphalia, and Hanover, and at the head of the insurgents appeared two men well fitted to unite and to animate their views by their characters, their talents, and their influence. Schill, the first of these officers, had been raised for his eminent services to the rank of lieutenantcolonel by the king of Prussia, who gave him a regiment, with which he was stationed on duty at Berlin when he formed the resolution of again trying his fortune against the common enemy of Germany. He was soon joined by a 'considerable number of partisans, and marshal Kellerman was sent to the Elbe with a force of from 30,000 to 40,000 men, to watch and counteract their movements. Colonel Schill after traversing the whole of the north of Germany in different directions, and after defeating or perplexing the troops sent against him, by the boldness and vigor of his attacks, and the rapidity of his movements, was compelled to take refuge in Stralsund, where the town being forced he was killed with twenty of his officers in the act of brave resistance to overwhelming numbers. His companions in arms who were taken prisoners, were tried, condemned, and executed, as deserters from the service of the king of Prussia. The duke of Brunswick distracted for some time the attention of the French, and arrested the progress of those troops which but for him might have reinforced the army of Buonaparte, but he was at length compelled with his little corps,, not exceeding 2000 men, to retire from Leipsic, and retreat to the shores of the German ocean, where with his troops he was received on board some British ships of war, and conveyed to England. Had the British ministry instead of sending thousands of our soldiers to perish amidst the marshes of Walcheren, landed them on

the borders of the Elbe, or had Austria assumed unwonted energy, encouraged the rising spirit of the people, and aided by friendly co-operation the skilful officers whom they basely sacrificed to the most contemptible passions, the battle of Wagram might not have been fought, or if fought would have been fought in vain. To prevent however, and not to promote the spirit of insurrection in the German states distinct from Austria, was the policy of the cabinet of Vienna. "It is in the field of battle" said the archduke Charles, "that we must contend with Buonaparte, and thus Germany shall be freed without the danger of convulsion:" in other words, all Germany, and the honor of having defended it, appertain exclusively to the Austrians. Their conduct in a different quarter and on an occasion still more important was distinguished by the same feeble, calculating, and selfish policy. For three years previous to the peace of Presburg the Tyrolese had groaned under the yoke of Bavaria. The certain and immediate prospect of a war with Austria presented an opportunity of breaking their detested chains, and re-establishing the authority of their antient and beloved sovereign. With the amor patriæ, and spirit of independence, so remarkable in mountainous countries, rushing simultaneously into arms they advanced, met, and dispersed their enemies in all directions. A numerous force was sent against them under marshal Le Febvre, consisting of French, Bavarian, and Saxon troops. As this corps was too powerful to be regularly opposed, they impeded the progress of the French as they attempted to pass through the gorges of the mountains, and thousands of individuals, old and young, perched on the projections or concealed in the clefts of the rocks, took aim and fired at the officers of the French. Others were employed in detaching masses from the impending rocks on the French columns as they had advanced below. Tyrol became the asylum and resort of all the partisans of Austria. The Tyrolese pushed into Bavaria and Suabia; they threatened Munich, captured Kempten, and advanced beyond Ulm. In Italy

they penetrated to Bassano within a few miles of Verona. Carinthia and the duchy of Saltzburg were for a while subdued, and the resources and the confidence of the people were gradually augmented, when all their plans were rendered abortive, and all their hopes converted into despair by the timid and dishonourable conduct of that very government in whose cause they had determined to conquer or to die.

After the battle of Wagram, though the Austrians maintained a confident aspect, all serious thoughts of resistance to Buonaparte were relinquished. relinquished. Proposals of amity were carried from the emperor Francis to Napoleon by prince John of Lichtenstein on the 12th of July. The overture was agreed to, and the armistice immediately signed. All the strong places and positions which might be advantageous to the French, in the event of the contest being resumed were delivered up to them, and by one of the articles it was expressly stipulated that the Austrians should refuse succour and assistance to the inhabitants of the Tyrol, and the Voralberg. It is to be hoped for the credit of the Austrians that they felt deep compunction in thus resigning to the mercy of the enemy so brave, so attached, and so noble-minded a people. With the frankness natural to their primitive simplicity of manners, they sent deputies to the emperor Francis to complain that he had deserted them. was not I," complained the unhappy and confounded monarch," that concluded the armistice. I did not know any thing about it; it was concluded by my brother Charles ;" and he solemnly promised never to separate his cause from theirs.. Deputies were also sent to them from the Tyrolese to London, where, on the 13th of November, they published a manifesto, stating their conduct and their sufferings in both the former and the present struggle, and declaring their resolution, whatever peace their beloved sovereign might be induced to sign, never to come to any accommodation with Buonaparte, or submit to the iron yoke of Bavaria. The peasants of the Tyrol who fell into the hands of the enemy were treated with great inhumanity,

It

and for the most part were put instantly to death. But the Tyrolese treated their prisoners, whether French, Saxon, or Bavarian, with care and tenderness, and the wounded were attended and nursed by the women, as if they had belonged to their own families.

The armistice between Austria and France was followed at the end of three months by a definitive treaty of peace, of which the following is a copy.

his said majesty's minister for foreign affairs; and his majesty the emperor or Austria, king of Hungary and Bohemia, the sieur prince John of Lichtenstein, knight of the order of the Golden Fleece, grand cross of the order of Maria Theresa, chamberlain, marshal of the armies of his said majesty the emperor of Austria, and proprietary commander of a regiment of horse in his service.

Who having previously exchanged their full powers, have agreed upon the follow

Napoleon, by the grace of God, and the constitution of the empire, emperor of the French, king of Italy, protector of the League of the Rhine, &c. Having seen and considered the treaty concluded, determined, and signed at Vienna, on the 14th of this month, by the sieur Nompere de Champagny, our minister for foreign affairs, in virtue of the full powers to that end given him by us, and the prince John of Lichtenstein, marshal of the armies of his majesty the emperor of Austria, equally provided with full powers-which treaty is of the following tenor :

His majesty the emperor of the French, king of Italy, protector of the League of the Rhine, mediator of the League of Switzerland; and his majesty the emperor of Austria, king of Hungary and Bohemia, being equally animated with the desire of putting an end to the war which has arisen between them, have resolved to negotiate forthwith a definitive treaty of peace, and for that purpose have appointed as their plenipotentiaries namely:-His majesty the emperor of the French, king of Italy, protector of the League of the Rhine, the sieur Jean Baptiste Nompere count de Champagny, duke of Cadore, grand eagle bearer of the legion of honor, commander of the order of the Iron Crown, knight of the order of St. Andrew of Russia, grand dignitary of that of the Two Sicilies, grand cross of the orders of the Black and Red eagles of Prussia, of the order of St Joseph of Wurtzburg, of the order of Fidelity of Baden, of the order of Hesse Darmstadt,

Article I. There shall, from the day of the "exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, be peace and friendship between his majesty the emperor of the French, king of Italy, protector of the League of the Rhine; and his majesty the emperor of Austria, king of Hungary and Bohemia, their heirs and successors, their states and subjects respectively, for ever.

II. The present peace is also declared to be common to his majesty the king of Spain, his majesty the king of Holland, his majesty the king of Naples, his majesty the king of Bavaria, his majesty the king of Wurtemburg, his majesty the king of Saxony, and his majesty the king of Westphalia, his most eminent highness the prince primate, their royal highnesses the grand duke of Baden, the grand_duke of Berg, the grand duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, the grand duke of Wurtzburg, and all the princes and members of the League of the Rhine, the allies, in the present war, of his majesty the emperor of the French, king of Italy, protector of the League of the Rhine.

III. His majesty the emperor of Austria, king of Hungary and Bohemia, cedes, as well for himself, his heirs and successors, as for the princes of his house, their heirs and respective successors, the principalities, lordships, domains, and territories, herein-after mentioned, and al all titles which may accrue from the possession of the same; and all properties, whether manorial or held by them under an especial title, lying within the said ter ritories.