193. Verbs comprise two principal classes:

I. TRANSITIVE VERBS,-which admit a direct object of their action: servum verběrat, he beats the slave.

II. INTRANSITIVE VERBS,-which do not admit such an object: puer currit, the boy runs.

194. Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person.

I. VOICES.

195. There are two Voices:

I. The ACTIVE VOICE,-which represents the subject as acting or existing: pater filium amat, the father loves his son; est, he is.

II. The PASSIVE VOICE,-which represents the subject as acted upon by some other person or thing: filius a patre amatur, the son is loved by his father.

1. Passive Wanting.-Intransitive Verbs generally have only the active voice, but are sometimes used impersonally in the passive. See 301. 3.

2. Active Wanting.-Deponent Verbs are Passive in form, but not in sense: loquor, to speak. But see 221.

II. MOODS.

196. Moods are either Definite or Indefinite:

I. The Definite or Finite Moods make up the Finite Verb; they are:

1. The INDICATIVE MOOD,-which either asserts something as a fact or inquires after the fact: legit, he is reading; legitne, is he reading?

2. The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD,-which expresses not an actual fact, but a possibility or conception, often rendered by may, can, etc.: legat, he may read, let him read.

3. The IMPERATIVE MOOD,-which expresses a command or an entreaty: lege, read thou.

II. The Indefinite Moods express the meaning of the verb in the form of nouns or adjectives; they are:

1 So called from depono, to lay aside, as they dispense, in general, with the active form and the passive meaning.

1. The INFINITIVE,-which, like the English Infinitive, gives the simple meaning of the verb without any necessary reference to person or number: legere, to read.

2. The GERUND,-which gives the meaning of the verb in the form of a verbal noun of the second declension, used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. It corresponds to the English participial noun in ING: amandi, of loving; amandi causa, for the sake of loving.

3. The SUPINE,-which gives the meaning of the verb in the form of a verbal noun of the fourth declension, used only in the accusative and ablative singular: amātum, to love, for loving; amātu, to be loved, in loving.

4. The PARTICIPLE,—which, like the English participle, gives the meaning of the verb in the form of an adjective.

A Latin verb may have four participles: two in the Active, the Present and Future-amans, loving; amatūrus, about to love;-and two in the Passive, the Perfect and Future-amātus, loved; amandus, deserving to be loved,

III. TENSES.

197. There are six tenses:

I. THREE TENSES FOR INCOMPLETE ACTION:

1. Present: amo, I love.

2. Imperfect: amābam, I was loving.

3. Future: amabo, I shall love.

II. THREE TENSES FOR COMPLETED ACTION:

1. Perfect: amāvi, I have loved, I loved.

2. Pluperfect: amavēram, I had loved.

3. Future Perfect: amavěro, I shall have loved.

198. REMARKS ON TENSES.

1. Present Perfect and Historical Perfect.-The Latin Perfect sometimes corresponds to our Perfect with have (have loved), and is called the Present Perfect or Perfect Definite; and sometimes to our Imperfect or Past (loved), and is called the Historical Perfect or Perfect Indefinite. 2. Principal and Historical.-Tenses are also distinguished as 1) Principal:-Present, Present Perfect, Future, and Future Perfect. 2) Historical:-Imperfect, Historical Perfect, and Pluperfect.

3. Tenses Wanting.—The Subjunctive wants the Future and Future Perfect; the Imperative has only the Present and Future; the Infinitive, only the Present, Perfect, and Future.

IV. NUMBERS.

199. There are two numbers: SINGULAR and PLURAL.'

V. PERSONS.

200. There are three persons: FIRST, SECOND, and THIRD.1

CONJUGATION.

201. Regular verbs are inflected, or conjugated, in four different ways, and are accordingly divided into Four Conjugations, distinguished from each other by the

202. Principal Parts.-Four forms of the verb,-the Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and Supine, are called from their importance the Principal Parts of the verb.

203. Entire Conjugation.-In any regular verb

1. The PRESENT STEM' may be found by dropping the infinitive ending: amare; stem, am.

2. The PRINCIPAL PARTS may be formed from this stem by means of proper endings.

3. The ENTIRE CONJUGATION of the verb through all its parts may be readily formed from these Principal Parts by means of proper endings.3

1 As in Nouns. See 37.

2 For fuller treatment of stems, see 241. 242.

3 In the Paradigms of regular verbs, the endings, both those which distinguish the Principal Parts and those which distinguish the forms derived from those parts, are separately indicated, and should be carefully noticed.

204. Sum, I am.

Sum is used as an auxiliary in the passive voice of regular verbs. Accordingly its conjugation, though quite irregular, must be given at the outset.

1 Or you are; thou is confined mostly to solemn discourse; in ordinary English,

you are is used both in the singular and in the plural.

PERF. fuisse, to have been,

FUT. futurus essě, to be about to Fur. futurus,2 about to be.

be.

1. Rare Forms are: forem, forēs, foret, forent, and forě, for essem, See 297. III. 2. esses, esset, essent, and futurus esse.

2. Antiquated Forms are: siem, siēs, siět, sient, for sim, sis, sit, sint; also fuăm, fuas, fuăt, fuant, for the same.

1 The Fut. may also be rendered like the Pres. or with let: be thou; let him be. Futurus is declined like bonus. So in the Infinitive: futūrus, a, um esse.