3. Emphatic Forms in met occur, except in the Gen. Plur.: egomet, I myself; mihimet, temet, etc. But the Nom. tu has tūte and tutemet, for tū met. 4. Reduplicated Forms:-sèsē, tètè, mèmè, for se, te, me. 5. Ancient and Rare Forms :-mis for mei; tis for tui; mi and me for mihi; mehe, med, and mepte for me; ted for te. 6. Cum, when used with the ablative of these pronouns, is appended to them: mecum, tecum. II. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 185. From Personal pronouns are formed the Possess ives: meus, my, tuus, thy, your, noster, our, vester, your, suus, their. They are declined as adjectives of the first and second declensions: meus, mea, meum; noster, nostra, nostrum ; but meus has in the vocative singular masculine generally mi, sometimes meus. 1. Emphatic Forms, in pte and met occur, especially in the Abl. Sing. : suapte, suamet. 2. The Patrials, nostras, of our country, and vestras, of your country, are also possessives. They have the genitive in ātis, and are declined as adjectives of Decl. III., but are little used. 3. Cujus and Cujas.—Cujus (a, um, whose?) and the patrial cujas (ātis, of what country?) also belong to possessives, though, not like other possessives, formed from personal pronouns, but from the interrogative quís, cujus. See 188. III. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 186. Demonstrative Pronouns, so called because they specify the objects to which they refer, are Hic, ille, iste, ipse, is, idem. They are declined as follows: Istě, that, is declined like illě. It usually refers to objects which are present to the person addressed, and sometimes expresses contempt. Ipsě, self, he. Idem, compounded of is and dem, is declined like is, but shortens isdem to idem and iddem to idem, and changes m to n before the ending dem; thus: 1 Sometimes eisdem in all genders. Iidem and iisdem are in poetry dissyllables, and are sometimes written idem and isdern. 1. Emphatic Forms in ce occur in the several cases of hic and sometimes in other demonstratives: hicce, haecce, hocce (also hice, haece or haec, etc.), hujusce, hosce, hisce; harumce, harunce (m changed to n), hārunc (e dropped). Before the interrogative ne, ce becomes ci: hiccine, hoscine. 2. Illic and istic or isthic for ille and iste occur. They are declined alike, and are used only in certain cases. Thus Sing., Nom. illic, illaec, illōc or illuc, Plur. Abl. illōc, illac, illōc; illaec, generally Neut., sometimes Fem. 3. Ancient and Rare Forms: 1) Of ILLE and ISTE: illi, illae, illi, Gen. for illius; isti, istae, isti for istius; illae and istae, Dat. Fem. for illi and isti; also forms from ollus for ille: olli, olla, ollos, etc. 2) Of IPSE, compounded of is and pse (is-pse = ipse); the uncontracted forms: Acc. eumpse, eampse, Abl. eopse, eapse; with re: re eapse, reapse for re ipsa, in reality; also ipsus, a, um, etc., for ipse, a, um. 3) Of Is: eii, eae, eii, Dat. for ei; iibus (ibus), eābus, iibus (ibus) for iis. 4) SYNCOPATED FORMS, compounded of ecce or en, lo, see, and some cases of demonstratives, especially the Acc. of ille and is; eccum for ecce eum; eccam for ecce eam; eccos for ecce eos; eccillum, ecce illum, eccillam, ecce illam; ellum, en illum; ellam, en illam. 4. Demonstrative Adjectives: tālis, e, such; tantus, a, um, so great; tot, so many; totus, a, um, so great. Tot is indeclinable; the rest regular. For talis, the Gen. of a demonstrative with modi (Gen. of modus, measure, kind) is often used: hujusmodi, ejusmodi, of this kind, such; illiusmodi, istiusmodi, of that kind, such. IV. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 187. The Relative qui, who, so called because it relates to some noun or pronoun, expressed or understood, called its antecedent, is declined as follows: 1. Ancient and Rare Forms: quojus and quoi for cujus and cuï; qui for quo, qua, quo; quis (queis) for quibus. 2. Cum, when used with the ablative of the relative, is generally appended to it: quibuscum. 3. Cujus, a, um, whose, as a possessive formed from the genitive cujus, sometimes occurs, 4. Quicunque and Quisquis, whoever, are called from their signification general relatives. Quicunque (quicumque) is declined like qui. Quisquis is rare except in the forms: quisquis, quidquid (quicquid), quoquō; but an old genitive cuicui for cujuscujus occurs. 5. Compounds resolved.-Quicunque and similar compounds are sometimes resolved and their parts separated by one or more words: qua re cun que. 6. Uter and Utercunque, which and whichever, also occur with the force of relatives. 7. Relative Adjectives: qualis, e, such as; quantus, a, um, so great; quot, as many as; quotus, a, um, of which number; and the double and compound forms: qualisqualis, qualiscunque; quantusquantus, quantuscunque ; quotquot, quotcunque, quotuscunque. Quotquot is indeclinable; in the other double forms both parts are declined; in the forms in cunque, of course only the first part is declined. For Qualis the genitive of the relative with modi is often used: cujusmodi (sometimes cuimodi), cujuscemodi, of what kind, such as; cujuscunquemodi, cuicuimodi (for cujuscujusmodi, 4), of whatever kind. V. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 188. Interrogative Pronouns are used in asking questions. The most important are Quis and qui with their compounds. Quis (who, which, what?) is generally used substantively, and is declined as follows: Qui (which, what?) is generally used adjectively, and is declined like the relative qui. 1. Quis and Quem sometimes occur as feminine forms. 2. Qui as an ablative with an adverbial force in the sense of how? sometimes occurs. The other ancient forms are the same as in the relative, 187. 1. 3. Compounds of quis and qui are declined like the simple pronouns : quisnam, quinam, ecquis, etc. But ecquis has sometimes ecqua for ecquae. 4. Interrogative Adjectives: (1) Quālis, e, what? quantus, a, um, how great? quot, how many? quotus, a, um, of what number? uter, utra, utrum, which (of two)? See 149. (2) The Possessive interrogative, cujus, a, um, whose? and the Patrial cujas, atis, of what country? Cujus is defective and little used. It has the Nom. and Acc. Sing., and in the feminine also the Abl. Sing, and the Nom. and Accus. Plur. VI. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 189. Indefinite Pronouns do not refer to any definite persons or things. The most important are Quis and qui with their compounds. 190. Quis, any one, and qui, any one, any, are the same in form and declension as the interrogatives quis and qui. 1. Quis and Qui are generally used after si, nisi, ne, and num; si quis, si qui. But they also occur without such accompaniment. 2. Qua for Quae.-After si, nisi, ne, and num, the Fem. Sing. and Neut. Plur. have quae or qua: si quae, si qua. 1 some, some one. quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam 1 or quodpiam, some, some one. quidam, quaedam, quiddam or quoddam, certain, certain one. quisquam, quaequam quidquam,1 II. The General Indefinites: quisque, quivis, quilibet, quaeque, quidque or quodque, 1. Declension.-It may be remarked any one. every, every one. any one you please. any one you please. 1) That these compounds are generally declined like the simple quis and qui, but have in the Neut. Sing. both quod and quid, the former used adjec tively, the latter substantively. 2) That aliquis has aliqua instead of aliquae in the Fem. Sing. and Neut Plur. Aliqui for aliquis occurs. 3) That quidam generally changes m to n before d: quendam for quemdam. That quisquam generally wants the Fem. and the Plur. That unus prefixed to quisque does not affect its declension: unusquisque, unaquaeque, etc. 2. Other Indefinites are: alius, alter, uter, alteruter, neuter, ullus, nullus, nemo. 3. Other General Indefinites may be formed from uter: uterque, both, each; utervis, uterlibet, either you please. 4. Indefinite Pronominal Adjectives: qualislibet, qualelibet, of any sort; aliquantus, a, um, of some size; aliquot (indeclinable), several. For qualislibet the Gen. of an indefinite pronoun with modi may be used: cujusdammodi, of some kind. CHAPTER IV. VERBS. 192. VERBS in Latin, as in English, express existence, condition, or action: est, he is; dormit, he is sleeping; legit, he reads. 1 Sometimes written respectively, quippiam and quicquam. |