1 Sometimes with the parts separated: decem et sex; decem et septem.

2 Literally two from twenty, one from twenty, by subtraction; but these numbers may be expressed by addition: decem et octo; decem et novem; so 28, 29; 38, 39, etc., either by subtraction from triginta, etc., or by addition to viginti; duodetriginta or octo et viginti.

If the tens precede the units, et is omitted, otherwise it is generally used. So in English cardinals, twenty-one, one and twenty.

• In compounding numbers above 100, units generally follow tens, tens hundreds, etc., as in English; but the connective et is either omitted, or used only between the two highest denominations: mille centum viginti or mille et centum viginti, 1,120. 5 Sometimes bina millia or bis mille.

• Sometimes decimus precedes with or without el: decimus et tertius or decimus tertius.

7 Sometimes expressed by addition, like the corresponding cardinals: octāvus decimus and nonus decimus.

8 Sometimes written with g: vigesimus; trigesimus.

1. Ordinals with Pars, part, expressed or understood, may be used to express fractions: tertia pars, a third part, a third; quarta pars, a fourth; duae tertiae, two thirds.

2. Distributives are used

1) To show the number of objects taken at a time, often best rendered by adding to the cardinal each or apiece; ternos denarios acceperunt, they received each three denarii, or three apiece. Hence

2) To express Multiplication: decies centena millia, ten times a hundred thousand, a million.

3) Instead of Cardinals, with nouns plural in form, but singular in sense: bina castra, two camps. Here for singuli and terni, ūni and trīni are used: unae litterae, one letter; trinae litterae, three letters.

4) Sometimes in reference to objects spoken of in pairs: bīni scyphi, a pair of goblets; and in the poets with the force of cardinals: bīna hastilia, two spears.

3. Poets use numeral adverbs (181) very freely in compounding numbers: bis sex, for duodecim; bis septem, for quattuordecim.

4. Sexcenti and mille are sometimes used indefinitely for any large number, as one thousand is in English.

DECLENSION OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.

175. On the declension of cardinals observe

1. That the units, ūnus, duo, and tres, are declined.

2. That the other units, all the tens, and centum are indeclinable. 3. That the hundreds are declined.

4. That mille is sometimes declined.

176. The first three cardinals are declined as follows:

1 Literally ten times a hundred thousand; the table might be carried up to any desired number by using the proper numeral adverb with centēna millia: centies centēna millia, 10,000,000; sometimes in such combinations centēna millia is under. stood and only the adverb is expressed, and sometimes centum millia is used.

2 Duōrum and duārum are sometimes shortened to duum.

1. The plural of unus in the sense of alone may be used with any noun; uni Ubii, the Ubii alone; but in the strict numeral sense of one, it is used only with such nouns as, though plural in form, are singular in sense: una castra, one camp; unae litterae, one letter.

2. Like duo is declined ambo, both.

3. Multi, many, and plurimi, very many, are indefinite numerals, and as such generally want the sing. But in the poets the sing. occurs in the sense of many a: multa hostia, many a victim.

177. Hundreds, ducenti, trecenti, etc., are declined like the plural of bonus: ducenti, ae, a.

178. Mille is used both as an adjective and as a substantive, As an adjective it is indeclinable; as a substantive it is used in the singular only in the nominative and accusative, but in the plural it is declined like the plural of măre (50): millia, millium, millibus.

With the substantive Mille, the name of the objects enumerated is gen erally in the genitive: mille hominum, a thousand men (of men); but it is in the same case as mille, if a declined numeral intervenes: tria millia trecenti milites, three thousand three hundred soldiers.

179. Ordinals are declined like bonus and distributives like the plural of bonus, but the latter often have um for ōrum in the genitive; binum for binōrum.

180. NUMERAL SYMBOLS.

1. Latin Numeral Symbols are combinations of: I = 10; L 50; C

=

100; ID or D = 500; CID or M = 1,000.1

1 Thousands are sometimes denoted by a line over the symbol: II = 2,000; ▼

1; V

= 5; X

5,000.

2. In the Combination of these symbols, except IƆ, observe

1) That the repetition of a symbol doubles the value: II = 2; XX = 20; CC =200.

2) That any symbol standing before one of greater value, subtracts its own value, but that after one of greater value, it adds its own value: V = 5; IV = 4 (5—1); VI = 6 (5+ 1).

3. In the Combination of 10 observe 1) That each (inverted C) after I = 500; 100: 500 × 105,000; 2 2) That these numbers are doubled times before I as O stands after it: 10 = 500; 100 5,000; CCID = 5,000 × 2 10,000.

=

by placing C the same number of CID 500 × 2 = 1,000;

3) That smaller symbols standing after these add their value: I = 500; IOC 600; IOCC = 700.

II. NUMERAL ADVERBS.

181. To numerals belong also numeral adverbs. For convenience of reference we add the following table:

1. In Compounds of units and tens, the unit with et generally precedes, as in the table: bis et vicies; the tens however with or without et sometimes precede: vicies et bis or vicies bis, but not bis vicies.

2. Another Class of numeral adverbs in um or o is formed from the ordinals: primum, primo, for the first time, in the first place; tertium, tertio, for the third time.

1 Also written nongenties.

2 Millies is often used indefinitely like the English a thousand times.

CHAPTER III.

PRONOUNS.

182. THE Pronoun is that part of speech which prop

erly supplies the place of nouns: égo, I; tu, thou. 183. Pronouns are divided into six classes:

1. Personal Pronouns: tu, thou.

2. Possessive Pronouns: meus, my.

3. Demonstrative Pronouns: hic, this.
4. Relative Pronouns: qui, who.

5. Interrogative Pronouns: quis, who?
6. Indefinite Pronouns: aliquis, some one.

I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

184. Personal Pronouns, so called because they designate the person of the noun which they represent, are ĕgo, I; tu, thou; sui (Nom. not used), of himself, herself, itself. They are declined as follows:

1. Substantive Pronouns.-Personal pronouns are also called Substantive pronouns, because they are always used as substantives.

2. Reflexive Pronoun.-Sui, from its reflexive signification, of himself, etc., is often called the Reflexive pronoun.

1 On the use of these two forms see 446. 8.