1. The parts which compose these and similar words are often and perhaps more correctly written separately: res publica; păter familias or familiae. 2. The parts of respublica are res of the 5th Decl. and publica of the 1st. 8. The parts of jusjurandum are jus of the 3d Decl. and jurandum of the 2d. Jusjurandum wants the Gen., Dat., and Abl. Plur. 4. The parts of paterfamilias ere păter of the 3d Decl. and familias (42. 3), the old Gen. of familia, of the ist. Sometimes, though rarely, the Gen familiarum is used in the plural: patresfamiliārum for patres familias. IRREGULAR NOUNS. 127. Irregular nouns may be divided into four classes: I. INDECLINABLE NOUNS have but one form for all cases. II. DEFECTIVE NOUNS want certain parts. III. HETEROCLITES (heteroclita') are partly of one declension and partly of another. IV. HETEROGENEOUS NOUNS (heterogenea2) are partly of one gender and partly of another. I. INDECLINABLE NOUNS. 128. The Latin has but few indeclinable nouns. 1. The principal examples are: 1) Fas, right; nefas, wrong; instar, cquality; māne, morning; nihil, nothing; pondo, pound; secus, sex. 2) The letters of the alphabet, a, b, c, alpha, beta, etc. 3) Foreign words: Jacob, Illeberri; though these are often declined: 1 From Tepos, another, and kλíois, inflection, i. e., of different declensions. 2 From érepos, another, and yévos. gender, i. e., of different genders. Jacobus, Jacobi; Illeberris, Illeberri. Jesus has Jesum in the accusative and Jesu in the other cases. 2. Some indeclinable nouns are also defective: mane wants the Gen. and Dat.; fas and nefas, the Gen., Dat., and Abl. II. DEFECTIVE NOUNS. 129. Nouns may be defective in Number, in Case, or in both Number and Case. I. Nouns defective in Number. 130. Plural wanting.-Many nouns from the nature of their signification want the plural: Roma, Rome; justitia, justice; aurum, gold. 1. The principal nouns of this class are: 1) Proper names (except those used only in the plural): Cicero, Rōma. 2) Abstract Nouns: fides, faith; justitia, justice. 3) Names of materials: aurum, gold; ferrum, iron. 4) A few others: meridies, midday; specimen, example; supellex, furniture; ver, spring; vespěra, evening, etc. 2. Proper names admit the plural to designate families, classes; names of mate. rials, to designate pieces of the material or articles made of it; and abstract nouns, to designate instances, or kinds, of the quality; Scipiones, the Scipios; aera, vessels of copper; avaritiae, instances of avarice; odia, hatreds. In the poets, the plur. of abstracts occurs in the sense of the sing. 131. Singular wanting.-Many nouns want the singular. 1. The most important of these are: 1) Certain personal appellatives applicable to classes: majores, fore fathers; posteri, descendants; gemini, twins; liběri, children, etc. 2) Many names of cities: Athenae, Athens; Thebae, Thebes; Delphi, Delphi; Argi, Argos, though the Sing. Argos occurs in Nom. and Acc. 3) Many names of festivals: Bacchanalia, Olympia, Saturnalia. 4) Many names not included in these classes. Such are: Arma, arms; divitiae, riches; exsequiae, funeral rites; exuviae, spoils; īdus, ides; indutiae, truce; insidiae, ambuscade; mānes, shades of the dead; minae, threats; moenia, walls; munia, duties; nuptiae, nuptials; reliquiae, remains. 2. An individual member of a class designated by these plurals may be denoted by unus ex with the plural: unus ex liběris, one of the children, or a child. 3. The plural in names of cities may have reference to the several parts of the city, especially as ancient_cities were often made up of separate villages. So in the names of festivals, the plural may refer to the various games and exercises which together constituted the festival. 132. Plural with Change of Meaning.-Some nouns have one signification in the singular and another in the plural: Thus Aedes, temple; SINGULAR. PLURAL. aedes, (1) temples, (2) a house.1 1 Aedes and some other words in this list, it will be observed, have in the plural two significations, one corresponding to that of the singular, and the other distinct from it. Auxilium, help; Bonum, a good thing, blessing; Comitium, name of a part of the Copia, plenty, force; Finis, end; Littera, letter of alphabet; Lūdus, play, sport; Rostrum, beak of ship; Sal, salt; auxilia, auxiliaries. carceres, barriers of a race-course. comitia, the assembly held in the comi copiae, (1) stores, (2) troops. horti, (1) gardens, (2) pleasure grounds. partes, (1) parts, (2) a party. rostra, (1) beaks, (2) the rostra or tri- II. Nouns defective in Case. 133. Some nouns are defective in case. Thus 1. Some want the nominative, dative, and vocative singular: (Ops), opis, help; (vix or vicis), vicis, change. 2. Some want the nominative and vocative singular: (Daps), dăpis, food; (ditio), ditiōnis, sway; (frux), frūgis, fruit; (internecio), interneciōnis, destruction; (pollis), pollinis, flour. 3. Some want the genitive, dative, and ablative plural: thus most nouns of the fifth declension. See 119. 5. So also many neuters: far, fel, mel, pus, rus, tus; especially Greek neuters in os, which want these cases in the singular also: èpos, mělos. 4. Some want the genitive plural: thus many nouns otherwise entire, especially monosyllables: nex, pax, pix; cor, cos, ros; sal, sol, lux. III. Nouns defective in Number and Case. 134. Some nouns want one entire number and certain cases of the other: fors, chance, has only fors and forte; lues, pestilence, has lues, luem, lue. Many verbal nouns in u have only the ablative singular: jussu, by order; mandātu, by command; rogātu, by request. III. HETEROCLITES.-TWO CLASSES. I. Heteroclites with one form in the nominative singular. II. Heteroclites with different forms in the nominative singular. Class First. 135. Of DECLENSIONS II. and IV. are a few nouns in us. See 117. 136. Of DECLENSIONS II. and III. are 1. Jugěrum, an acre; regularly of the second Decl., except in the Gen. Plur., which is jugĕrum, according to the third. Other forms of the third are rare. 2. Vas, a vessel; of the third Decl. in the Sing., and of the second in the Plur.: vas, vāsis; plural, vāsa, vasōrum. 3. Plural names of festivals in alia: Bacchanalia, Saturnalia; which are regularly of the third Decl., but sometimes form the Gen. Plur. in ōrum of the second. Ancile, a shield, and a few other words also occur. 137. Of DECLENSIONS III. and V. are 1. Requies, rest; which is regularly of the third Decl., but also takes the forms requiem and requie of the fifth. 2. Fumes, hunger; regularly of the third Decl., except in the ablative, fame, of the fifth (not fame, of the third). Class Second.' 138. FORMS IN ia AND ies.-Many words of four syllables have one form in ia of Decl. I., and one in ies of Decl. V.: barbaria, barbaries, barbarism; duritia, durities, hardness; luxuria, luxuries, luxury; materia, materies, material; mollitia, mollities, softness. 139. FORMS IN US AND UM.-Many nouns derived from verbs have one form in us of Decl. IV., and one in um of Decl. II. : conātus, conātum, an attempt; eventus, eventum, event; praetextus, praetextum, pretext. 140. Many other Examples might be added. Many words which have but one approved form in prose, admit another in poetry: juventus (ūtis), youth; poetic, juventa (ae): senectus (ūtis), old age; poetic, senecta (ae): paupertas (ātis), poverty; poetic, pauperies (ēi). IV. HETEROGENEOUS NOUNS.-Two CLASSES. 1. With one form in the nominative singular. 141. MASCULINE AND NEUTER.-Some masculines take in the plural an additional form of the neuter gender: Jocus, a jest; plur., joci and joca. locus, place; loci, topics, passages in books, places; loca, places. sibilus, hissing; sibili; poetic, sibila. 142. FEMININE AND NEUTER.-Some feminines take in the plural an additional form of the neuter gender: 1 Sometimes called Redundant nouns, or abundantia. 143. NEUTER AND MASCULINE OR FEMININE.-Some neuters take in the plural a different gender; thus 1. Some neuters become masculine in the plural: 2. Some neuters generally become masculine in the plural, but sometimes remain neuter : Frēnum, bridle; plur., freni, sometimes frena. rastri, rastra. 3. Some neuters become feminine in the plural: Class Second. 144. FORMS IN US AND um.-Some nouns of the second declension have one form in us masculine and one in um neuter: clipeus, clipeum, shield; commentarius, commentarium, commentary; cubitus, cubitum, cubit; jugulus, jugulum, throat. 145. HETEROGENEOUS HETEROCLITES.-Some heteroclites are also heterogeneous: conātus (us), conātum (i), effort; menda (ae), mendum (i), fault. CHAPTER II. ADJECTIVES. 146. The adjective is that part of speech which is used to qualify nouns: bonus, good; magnus, great. The form of the adjective in Latin depends in part upon the gender of the noun which it qualifies; bonus puer, a good boy; bona puella, a good girl; bonum tectum, a good house. Thus bonus is the form of the adjective when used with masculine nouns, bona with feminine, and bonum with neuter. 147. Some adjectives are partly of the first declension and partly of the second, while all the rest are entirely of the third declension. I. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 148. Adjectives of this class have in the nominative singular the endings: |