2. THE ENDING im or in is used in Greek nouns in is, Gen. is, and sometimes in a few in is, Gen. idis: poisis, poēsim, poēsin; Pāris (Paridis), Paridem, Parim, Parin.

3. THE ENDING en is often used in proper names in es, Gen. is, and sometimes in a few in es, Gen. ētis: Aeschines, Aeschinen; Thales, Thalētem or Thalen.

4. THE ENDING ym or yn.-Greek nouns in ys have ym or yn: Othrys, Othrym or Othryn.

Greek Vocative Singular.

94. ENDING Sometimes drops s: Orpheus, Orpheu. See 86.

1. S is dropped,—(1) regularly in nouns in eus and ys, together with proper names in as, Gen. antis: Perseus, Perseu; Cotys, Coty; Atlas, Atla,-(2) generally in nouns in is and sometimes in proper nouns in es: Daphnis, Daphni; Socrates, Socrates, or Socrate.

2. Proper names in es shorten the ending to ěs, when s is retained: Socrates, Socrătĕs.

Greek Nominative and Vocative Plural.

95. ENDING:-sometimes ěs for es, especially in poetry: Arcădes for Arcădēs.

1. THE ENDING e is used in a few neuters in os: mělos, mele, song; these neuters are used only in the Nom. and Acc. Tempe, the vale Tempe, is plural.

2. THE ENDING is for es occurs in a few names of cities: Sardis for

Sardes.

Greek Genitive Plural.

96. ENDING:-on: only in a few words, almost exclusively titles of books: Metamorphoses (title of a poem), Metamorphoseon.

Greek Dative and Ablative Plural.

97. ENDING:-si, before vowels sin, poetic: Troades, Troăsin.

Greek Accusative Plural.

98. ENDING:-as: Macedones, Macedonas.

1. THE ENDING e is used in a few neuters in os: mělos, mele; Tempe. See 95. 1.

2. THE ENDING is occurs in a few names of cities: Sardis for Sardes.

GENDER IN THIRD DECLENSION.

99. The Gender of nouns of this declension, when not determined by the general rules (35), may be ascertained from their endings, as follows:1

1 See also 48.

I. MASCULINE ENDINGS.

o, or, os, er, es increasing in the genitive.

0.

100. Nouns in o are masculine: sermo, discourse.

EXCEPTIONS.-Feminine, viz.:

1. Nouns in o, Gen. inis (i. e., most nouns in do and go, 61. 2), except cardo, ordo, turbo, masc., cupido and margo, masc. or fem.

2. Căro, flesh, and the Greek Argo, echo, an echo.

3. Abstract and collective nouns in io: ratio, reason; concio, an assembly; except numeral nouns in io, which (except unio) are masc.; ternio, quaternio.

OR.

101. Nouns in or are masculine: dolor, pain.

EXCEPTIONS.

1. Feminine-arbor, tree.

2. Neuter :—ădor, spelt; aequor, sea; cor, heart; marmor, marble.

OS.

102. Nouns in os are masculine: mos, custom.
EXCEPTIONS.

1. Feminine-arbos, tree; cos, whetstone; dos, dowry; eos, dawn. 2. Neuter :-os, mouth; os, bone; and a few Greek words: chaos, epos, ethos, mělos.

ER.

103. Nouns in er are masculine: agger, mound.

EXCEPTIONS.

1. Feminine:-linter, boat (sometimes masc.).

2. Neuter :-(1) cadaver, corpse; iter, way; tüber, tumor; über, udder; ver, spring; verber, scourge,-(2) botanical names

in er, Gen. ĕris: ucer, maple tree; papāver, poppy; piper, pepper.

ES INCREASING IN GENITIVE.

104. Nouns in es increasing in the genitive are masculine pes, genitive pedis, foot.

EXCEPTIONS.

1. Feminine:-compes, fetter; merces, reward; merges, sheaf; quies, rest (with its compounds); seges, crop; těges, mat; sometimes also āles, bird, and quadrupes, quadruped.

2. Neuter:-aes, copper.

II. FEMININE ENDINGS.

as, is, ys, x, es not increasing in genitive, s preceded by

a consonant.

AS.

105. Nouns in as are feminine: aetas, age.

EXCEPTIONS.

1. Masculine :—as, an as (a coin), vas, surety, and Greek nouns in as, G. antis, as adŭmas, adamant.

2. Neuter :-vas, vessel, and Greek nouns in as, G. ătis, as erysipèlas.

IS.

106. Nouns in is are feminine: nāvis, ship.

EXCEPTIONS.-Masculine :

1. Nouns in alis, ollis, cis, mis, nis, guis, quis: natalis, birthday; collis, hill; fascis, bundle; võmis, ploughshare; ignis, fire; sanguis, blood; torquis, collar. But a few with these endings are occasionally feminine: aqualis, canālis, cănis, clūnis, amnis, cinis, finis, anguis, torquis.

3. Compounds of as (a coin): sēmis, decussis. Also Lucretilis, mānes

(pl.).

YS.

107. Nouns in ys are feminine: chlamys, cloak. EXCEPTIONS.-Masculine :-names of mountains, Othrys.

X.

108. Nouns in x are feminine: pax, peace.

EXCEPTIONS.-Masculine:

1. Greek masculines: corax, raven; thōrax, cuirass.

2. Nouns in ex and unx; except the six feminines: faex, forfex, lex, nex, (prex), supellex, and such as are fem. by signification. 35. II.

1 The examples marked (f.) are sometimes feminine. Corbis and tigris are often feminine.

2 For nouns in is masculine by signification, see 35. I.

3. Four in ix: călix, cup; fornix, arch; phoenix, phoenix; varix (f.), swollen vein.

4. One in ux: trādux, vine-layer.

5. Names of mountains in yx, and a few other words in yx.

6. Sometimes: calx, heel; calx, lime; lynx, a lynx.

ES NOT INCREASING IN GENITIVE.

109. Nouns in es not increasing in genitive are feminine: nubes, cloud.

EXCEPTIONS.

1. Masculine :-acinăces: sometimes palumbes and vepres.
2. Neuter :-a few rare Greek nouns: cacoēthes, hippomănes

S PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT.

110. Nouns in s preceded by a consonant are feminine: urbs, city.

EXCEPTIONS.-Masculine:

1. Dens, tooth, fons, fountain, mons, mountain, pons, bridge; generally ǎdeps, fat, and rudens, cable.

2. Some nouns in ns, originally adjectives or participles with a masc. noun understood,—(1) oriens, occidens (sol), east, west,—(2) confluens, torrens (amnis), confluence, torrent,—(3) bìdens, tridens (raster), two-pronged hoe, trident,-(4) sextans, quadrans (as), parts of an as.

3. Chălybs, steel, hydrops, dropsy, and a few Greek names of animals: ĕpops, gryps, seps (f.).

4. Sometimes forceps, forceps; serpens, serpent; stirps, stock. Animans, animal, originally participle, is masc., fem., or neuter.

III. NEUTER ENDINGS.

a, e, i, y, c, l, n, t, ar, ur, us.

A, E, I, Y, C, T, AR.

111. Nouns in a, e, i, y, c, t, ar are neuter: poēma, poem; măre, sea; lac, milk; caput, head.

L.

112. Nouns in 1 are neuter: animal, animal. EXCEPTIONS.—Masculine :—mūgil, mullet; sal (also neuter in singu lar), salt; sol, sun.

N.

113. Nouns in n are neuter: carmen, song.

EXCEPTIONS.

1. Masculine-pecten, comb; rez, kidney; lien, spleen; and Greek masculines in an, en, in, on: pacan, paean; cănon, rule. 2. Feminine-aēdon, nightingale; alcyon (halcyon), kingfisher; icon, image; sindon, muslin.

UR.

114. Nouns in ur are neuter: fulgur, lightning. EXCEPTIONS.-Masculine :-furfur, bran; turtur, turtledove; vultur,

vulture.

US.

115. Nouns in us are neuter: corpus, body.

EXCEPTIONS.

1. Masculine :—lěpus, hare; mus, mouse; Greek nouns in pus and a few others: tripus, tripod.

2. Feminine-tellus, carth; fraus, fraud; laus, praise; and nouns in us, Gen. utis or udis: virtus, virtue; pălus, marsh.

FOURTH DECLENSION.

116. Nouns of the fourth declension end in

us,-masculine; u,-neuter.

1. Case-Endings.-Nouns of this declension are declined with

the case-endings presented in the above table.