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3. ANTE DIEM.-Instead of die-ante, ante diem is common, as, ante diem quartum Nonas Jan, for die quarto ante Nōnas Jan.

4. AS INDECLINABLE NOUNS.-The expressions ante diem-Cal., etc., pridie Cal., etc., are often used as indeclinable nouns with a preposition, as, ex ante diem V. Idus Oct., from the 11th of Oct. Liv. Ad pridie Nõnas Maias, till the 6th of May. Cic.

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710. ENGLISH AND LATIN DATES.-The table (709) will furnish the learner with the English expression for any Latin date, or the Latin expression for any English date; but in translating Latin, it may be convenient also to have the following rule:

I. If the day is numbered from the Nones or Ides, subtract the number diminished by one from the number of the day on which the Nones or Ides fall:

1 To the Calends, Nones, etc., the name of the month must of course be added. Before Nonas, Idus, etc., ante is sometimes used and sometimes omitted (708. III. 2). 2 The Calends of the following month are of course meant, as the 16th of March for instance is, XVII. Calendas Aprīles.

3 The enclosed forms apply to leap-year.

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II. If the day is numbered from the Calends of the following month, subtract the number diminished by two from the number of days in the current month:

XVIII. ante Cal. Feb. 31 ·

January.

(18-2) = 31 - 16 15th of

In Leap-year the 24th and 25th February are both called the sixth before the Calends of March, VI. Cal. Mart. The days before the 24th are numbered precisely as if the month contained as usual only 28 days, but the days after the 25th are numbered regularly for a month of 29 days: V., IV., III. Cal. Mart., and pridie Cal. Mart.

711. DIVISIONS OF DAY AND NIGHT.-The Roman day, from sun-rise to sun-set, and the night from sun-set to sun-rise, were each divided at all seasons of the year into twelve hours.

1. NIGHT WATCHES.-The night was also divided into four watches of three Roman hours each.

2. LENGTH OF ROMAN HOUR.-The hour, being uniformly of the day or of the night, of course varied in length, with the length of the day or night at different seasons of the year.

IV. ROMAN MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES.

712. COINS.-The principal Roman coins were the as, of copper, the sestertius, quinarius, dēnārius, of silver, and the aureus, of gold. Their value in the classical period was as follows:

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1. AS-THE UNIT OF MONEY.-The As was originally the unit of the Roman currency, and contained a pound of copper, but it was diminished from time to time in weight and value till at last it contained only 1/24 of a pound.

But whatever its weight, of the as is always called an uncia, a quadrans, a triens, a quincunx, ♬ a sēmis, a septunx, drans, a dextans, a deunx.

a sextans,

a bes, a do

2. SESTERTIUS, QUINARIUS, AND DENARIUS.-The sestertius contained ori-> ginally 2 asses, the quīnārius 5, and the dènārius 10; but as the as depreciated in value, the number of asses in these coins was increased.

3. AS-THE GENERAL UNIT OF COMPUTATION.-The as is also used as

the unit in other things as well as in money. Thus

1) In Weight.-The as is then a pound, and the uncia an ounce.

2) In Measure.-the as is then a foot or a jugěrum (718), and the uncia is of

a foot or of a jugerum.

3) In Interest.-The as is then the unit of interest, which was one per cent, a month, i. e., twelve per year, the uncia is per month, i. e., 1 per year, and the sėmis is per month, i. e., 6 per year, etc.

4) In Inheritance.-The as is then the whole estate, and the uncia of it: hères ex asse, heir of the whole estate; heres ex dodrante, heir of

713. COMPUTATION OF MONEY.-In all sums of money the common unit of computation was the sestertius, also called nummus; but four special points deserve notice:

I. In all sums of money, the units, tens, and hundreds are denoted by sestertii with the proper cardinals:

Quinque sestertii, 5 sesterces, vīginti sestertii, 20 sesterces, ducenti sestertii, 200 sesterces.

II. One thousand sesterces are denoted by mille sestertii, or mille sestertium.

III. In sums less than 1,000,000 sesterces, the thousands are denoted either (1) by millia sestertium (gen. plur.), or (2) by sestertia:

Duo millia sestertium, or duo sestertia, 2,000 sesterces; quinque millia sestertium, or quinque sestertia, 5,000 sesterces

With sestertia the distributives were generally used, as, bina sestertia, for duo sestertia.

IV. In sums containing one or more millions of sesterces, sestertium with the value of 100,000 sesterces is used with the proper numeral adverb, děcies, vīcies, etc. Thus

Děcies sestertium, 1,000,000 (10 X 100,000) sesterces; Vicies sestertium, 2,000,000 (20 × 100,000) sesterces.

1. SESTERTIUM.-In the examples under IV., sestertium is treated and declined as a neuter noun in the singular, though originally it was probably the genitive plur. of sestertius, and the full expression for 1,000,000 sesterces was Děcies centēna millia sestertium. Centena millia was afterward generally omitted, and finally sestertium lost its force as a genitive plural, and became a neuter noun in the singular, capable of declension

2. SESTERTIUM OMITTED.-Sometimes sestertium is omitted, leaving only the numeral adverb: as, děcies, 1,000,000 sesterces.

3. SIGN HS.-The sign HS, is often used for sestertii, and sometimes for sestertia, or sestertium:

Decem HS10 sesterces (HS = sestertii). Dena HS = 10,000 sesterces (HS sestertia). Decies HS = 1,000,000 sestercés (HS sestertium).

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714. WEIGHT.-The basis of Roman weights is the Libra, also called As or Pondo, equal probably to about 11 ounces avoirdupois.

1. OUNCES.-The Libra, like the as in money, is divided into 12 parts called by the names given under 712. 1.

uncia,

Ŏlus.

2. FRACTIONS OF OUNCES.-Parts of ounces also have special names: ≤sēmi= ob

H duella, sicilicus,
=

=

sextula, drachma,
=

= scrūpůlum,

715. DRY MEASURE.-The Modius is the basis, equal to about a peck.

1. SEXTARIUS.-This is of a modius.

2. PARTS OF THE SEXTARIUS.-These have special names: hēmina, } = ǎcē. tabulum, cyǎthus.

=

716. LIQUID MEASURE.-The Amphora is the most convenient unit of the Roman liquid measure, and contained a Roman cubic foot, equivalent probably to about seven gallons, wine measure.

1. CULEUS.-Twenty amphorae make one Culeus.

= urna, congius, ǎcētābŭlum,

2. PARTS OF AMPHORA.-These have special names: sextarius, = hēmina, = quartārius,

cyathus.

717. LONG MEASURE.-The basis of this measure is the Roman foot, equivalent to about 11.6 inches.

1. COMBINATIONS OF FEET.-Palmipes

= 5; stădium=625.

=

14 Roman feet; cubitus 11; passus

2. PARTS OF FOOT.-Palmus = foot; uncia = ; digitus = 1/5.

718. SQUARE MEASURE.--The basis of this measure is the Jugěrum, containing 28,800 Roman square feet, equivalent to about six tenths of an acre.

The parts of the jugěrum have the same name as those of the As: uncia, sextans, etc. See 712. 1.

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diis manibus.

de suo.

patres conscrip

Pont. Max. = pontifex
maximus.

D. S. P. P. = de sua P. R. = populus Rō.

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Q. B. F. F. Q. S. =

quod bonum, felix,

faustumque sit.

Quir.

= Quirites. Resp. =res publica.

S.

sĕnātus.

S. C. senatus con

sultum.

S. D. P. sălutem dicit plurimam.

S. P. Q. R. = sĕnātus populusque Rōmā

nus.

Tr. Pl. tribūnus plē. bis.

INDEX OF VERBS.

721. This Index contains an alphabetical list, not only of all the
simple verbs in common use which involve any important irregularities,
but also of such compounds as seem to require special mention.

But in regard to compounds of prepositions, two important facts must
be borne in mind:

1. That the elements,-preposition and verb-often appear in the
compound in a changed form. See 338. 1 and 341, 3.

2. That the stem-vowel is often changed in the Perfect and Supine.
See 260.

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Abolesco, ère, ōlēvi, člĭtum, 276. II. Amplector, i, amplexus sum, 282.

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Ango, ĕre, anxi,

-,274.

Annuo, ĕre, i, —, 274.

Apage, def., 297.

Aperio, īre, ui, tum, 284.

Apiscor, i, aptus sum, 282.
Ap-pareo. See pāreo, 266.
Ap-pěto. See pěto, 276. III.
Applico. See plico, 262.
Ap-pōno. See pōno, 276.
Arcesso, ĕre, īvi, ītum, 276. III.
Ardeo, ere, arsi, arsum, 269.
Aresco, ĕre, ārui, , 281.
Arguo, ĕre, ui, ūtum, 273. II.
Ar-ripio. See răpio, 276.
A-scendo. See scando, 273. III.
A-spergo. See spargo, 273.
A-spicio, ĕre, spexi, spectum, 273.
As-sentior, iri, sensus sum, 286.
As-sideo. See sědeo, 270.
At-texo. See texo, 276.

At-tineo. See těneo, 266.

At-tingo. See tango, 280.

At-tollo. See tollo, 280.

Audeo, ere, ausus sum, 272.

Audio, parad., 211..

Au-fero. See fĕro, 292.

Augeo, ere, auxi, auctum, 269.
Ave, def., 297.

Aveo, ĕre, - 268.

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