1. AFTER THE VERB.-When the verb is placed for the sake of emphasis at the beginning of the sentence, the modifiers, of course, follow. See first example under 594. I.

2. EMPHASIS.-An emphatic modifier may of course stand at the beginning or at the end of the sentence (594):

Făcillime cognoscuntur ǎdolescentes, Most easily are the young men recognized. Cic.

3. Two or more MODIFIERS.-Of two or more modifiers belonging to the same verb, that which in thought is most intimately connected with the verb stands next to it, while the others are arranged as emphasis and euphony may require:

Rex Scythis bellum intulit, The king waged war against the Scythians. Nep. Mors propter brevitatem vitae nunquam longe ǎbest, Death is never far distant, in consequence of the shortness of life. Cic.

601. MODIFIERS OF ADVERBS.-The modifiers of the adverb generally precede it, but a Dative often follows it:

Valde vehěmenter dixit, He spoke very vehemently. Cic. Congruenter naturae vivit, He lives agreeably to nature. Cic.

602. SPECIAL WORDS.-Some words have a favorite place in the sentence, which they seldom leave. Thus,

I. The Demonstrative generally precedes its noun:

Custos hujus urbis, the guardian of this city. Cic.

1. Ille in the sense of well-known (450. 5) generally follows its noun, if not accompanied by an adjective:

Médéa illa, that well-known Medea. Cic.

2. Quisque, the indefinite pronoun, follows some other word:

Justitia suum cuique tribuit, Justice gives to every man his due (his own). Cic.

II. Prepositions generally stand directly before their cases, but tenus and versus follow their cases:

In Asiam prōfūgit, He fled into Asia. Cic. Collo těnus, up to the neck. Ov. 1. AFTER A PRONOUN.-The preposition frequently follows the relative, sometimes other pronouns, and sometimes even nouns, especially in poetry:

Res qua de ǎgitur, the subject of which we are treating. Cic. Italiam contra, over against Italy. Virg.

2. CUM APPENDED.-See 184. 6 and 187. 2.

3. INTERVENING WORDS.-Genitives, adverbs, and a few other words sometimes stand between the preposition and its case. In adjurations per is usually separated from its case by the Acc. of the object adjured, or by some other word; and sometimes the verb ōro is omitted:

Post Alexandri magni mortem, after the death of Alexander the Great. Cic. Ad bene vivendum, for living well. Cic. Per te deos ōro, I pray you in the name of the gods. Ter. Per čgo vos deos per deos čgo vos ōro (ōro understood). I pray you in the name of the gods. Curt.

III. Conjunctions and Relatives, when they introduce clauses, generally

stand at the beginning of such clauses; but autem, čnim, quidem, quòque, vēro, and generally igitur, follow some other word;

Si peccavi, ignosce, If I have erred, pardon me. Cic. Ii qui superiōres sunt, those who are superior. Cic. Ipse autem omnia vĭdēbat, But he himself saw all things. Cic.

1. EMPHATIC WORDS and RELATIVES often precede the conjunction.

Id ut audivit, as he heard this. Nep. Quae quum ita sint, since these things are so. Cic.

2. NE QUIDEM takes the emphatic word or words between the two parts:

Ne in oppidis quidem, not even in the towns. Cic.

3. Quidem often follows pronouns, superlatives, and ordinals:

Ex me quidem nihil audiet, He will hear nothing from me. Cic.

4. Que, ve, ne, introducing a clause or phrase, are generally appended to the first word, but if that word is a monosyllabic preposition, they are often appended to the next word: ad plebemve, for adve, etc., or to the people; in föròque = inque foro, and in the forum. Apud quosque, and before whom, occurs for euphony.

IV. Non, when it qualifies some single word, stands directly before that word, but when it is particularly emphatic, or qualifies the entire clause, it generally stands at the beginning of the clause:

Hac villa cărere non possunt, They are not able to do without this villa. Cic. Non fuit Jupiter mětuendus, Jupiter was not to be feared. Cic.

V. Inquam, sometimes Aio, introducing a quotation, follows one or more of the words quoted. The subject, if expressed, generally follows its verb:

Nihil, inquit Brutus, quod dicam, Nothing which I shall state, said Brutus. Cic.

VI. The Vocative rarely stands at the beginning of a sentence. It usually follows an emphatic word:

Perge, Laeli, Proceed, Laelius. Cic.

SECTION II.

ARRANGEMENT OF CLAUSES.

I. IN COMPLEX SENTENCES.

603. SUBJECT OR PREDICATE.-A clause used as the subject of a complex sentence (357) generally stands at the beginning of the sentence, and a clause used as the predicate at the end:

Quid dies ferat incertum est, What a day may bring forth is uncertain. Cic. Exitus fuit ōrātiōnis: sibi nullam cum his ămicitiam esse, The close of the oration was, that he had no friendship with these men. Caes.

1. This arrangement is the same as that of the simple sentence. See 593.

2. Emphasis and euphony often have the same effect upon the arrangement of elauses as of words. See 594.

604. SUBORDINATE ELEMENTS.-Clauses used as the subordinate elements of complex sentences, admit three different arrangements:

I. They are generally inserted within the principal clause, like the subordinate elements of a simple sentence:

Hostes, ubi primum nostros equites conspexērunt, cělěrĭter nostros perturbāvērunt, The enemy, as soon as they saw our cavalry, quickly put our men to route. Caes. Sententia, quae tūtissima vidēbātur, vicit, The opinion which seemed the safest prevailed. Liv.

II. They are often placed before the principal clause:

Quum quiescunt, probant, While they are quiet, they approve. Cic. Qualis sit ănĭmus, ănĭmus nescit, The soul knows not what the soul is. Cic. Si haec civitas est, civis sum ego, If this is a state I am a citizen. Cic.

This arrangement is especially common when the subordinate clause either refers back to the preceding sentence, or is preparatory to the thought of the principal clause. Hence temporal, conditional, and concessive clauses often precede the principal clause. Hence also, in sentences composed of correlative clauses with is—qui, tālis-quālis, tantus-quantus, tum-quum, ita-ut, etc., the relative member, i. e., the clause with qui, quālis, quantus, quum, ut, etc., generally precedes.

III. They sometimes follow the principal clause:

Enītitur ut vincat, He strives that he may conquer. Cic. Sol efficit ut omnia flōreant, The sun causes all things to bloom. Cic.

This arrangement is common when the subordinate clause is either intimately connected in thought with the following sentence or is explanatory of the principal clause. Hence clauses of Purpose and Result generally follow the principal clause, as in the examples. See also examples under articles 489-499.

605. LATIN PERIOD.-A complex sentence in which the subordinate clause is inserted within the principal clause, as under I., is called a Period in the strict sense of the word.

In a freer sense the same term is also applied to any sentence in which the clauses are so arranged as not to make complete sense before the end of the sentence. this sense the examples under II. are periods.

II. IN COMPOUND SENTENCES.

In

606. Clauses connected by coördinate conjunctions (587) generally follow each other in the natural order of. the thought, as in English:

Sol ruit et montes umbrantur, The sun descends and the mountains are shaded. Virg. Gyges a nullo vidēbātur, ipse autem omnia videbat, Gyges was seen by no one, but he himself saw all things. Cic.

PART FOURTH.

PROSODY.

607. Prosody treats of Quantity and Versification.

CHAPTER I.

QUANTITY.

608. The time occupied in pronouncing a syllable in poetry is called its quantity. Syllables are accordingly characterized as long, short, or common.1

609. The quantity of syllables is determined by poetic usage. But this usage conforms in many cases to general laws, while in other cases it seems somewhat arbitrary.

1. Syllables whose quantity conforms to known rules are said to be long or short by rule.

2. Syllables whose quantity does not conform to known rules are said to be long or short by authority.

3. The rules for quantity are either general, i. e., applicable to most syllables, or special, i. e., applicable to particular syllables.

SECTION I.

GENERAL RULES OF QUANTITY.

610. RULE I.-Diphthongs and Contracted syllables

are LONG:

Haec, coena, aura; ǎlīus for ăliius, cogo for coigo, occido for occaedo, nil for nihil.

1. Prae in composition is usually short before a vowel: pračăcūtus, praĕustus.

2. Ua, ue, ui, uo, and uu, are not strictly diphthongs, and accordingly do not come under this rule.

1 Sometimes long and sometimes short.

611. RULE II.-A vowel is LONG BY POSITION before j, x, z, or any two consonants:1

Mājor, rēxi, gāza, mēnsa, servus.

1. But one of the consonants at least must belong to the same word as the vowel: ab rūpe, pēr saxa.

1) A final vowel is not usually affected by consonants at the beginning of the following word, except before sc, sp, sq, and st, where a short vowel is

rare.

2) Hand U must never be treated as consonants under this rule, except in rare instances where u is so used by Synaeresis. See 669. II.

2. Before a mute followed by L or R, a vowel naturally short becomes common: duplex, ågri, påtres.

1) In Greek words a vowel is also common before a mute with Mor N: Tecmessa, cycnus.

2) A mute at the end of the first part of a compound before a liquid at the beginning of the second part makes the preceding vowel long by position: ab-rumpo, ōb rogo.

3) A vowel naturally long, of course, remains long before a Mute and Liquid: acer, acris.

3. Compounds of jugum retain the short vowel before j: bìjūgus, quadrijŭgus

612. RULE III.-A vowel before another vowel, or a diphthong, is SHORT BY POSITION :

Pius, piae, docěo, trăho.

No account is taken of the breathing h; hence a in traho is treated as a vowel before another vowel.

EXCEPTIONS.-The following are long before a vowel:

1. A,—(1) in the genitive ending aï of Dec. I.: aulāi,—(2) in proper names in dius: Caius (Cajus),-(3) before ia, ie, io, iu, in the verb aio.

2. E,―(1) in the ending ei of Dec. V. when preceded by a vowel: dièi; and sometimes in fidei, rei, spěi,—(2) in proper names in eius: Pompeius,-(3) in èheu.

3. I,-(1) in the verb fio, when not followed by er: fiam, fiebam, but fieri,-(2) in the genitive ǎlius. In other genitives i in ius is common in poetry, though long in prose, but the i in alterius is short,-(3) in dìus, a, um, for dīvus, a, um,—(4) sometimes in Diana.

4. O,-is common in ŏhe.

1 Strictly speaking, the syllable, and not the vowel, is lengthened, but the language of convenience refers the quantity of the syllable to the vowel.

2 Qu, gu, and su, when u has the sound of w, are treated as single consonants.