IV. INTERJECTIONS.

589. Interjections are sometimes used entirely alone, as eheu, alas! and sometimes with certain cases of nouns. See 381 and 381. 3.

590. Various parts of speech, and even oaths and imprecations, sometimes have the force of interjections. Thus:

Pax (peace), be still! misěrum, misĕrābile, sad, lamentable! ōro, pray ! ǎge, ǎgite, come, well! mehercules, by Hercules! per deum fidem, in the name of the gods! sōdes = si audes (for audies), if you will hear!

CHAPTER VII.

RULES OF SYNTAX.

591. For convenience of reference, the principal Rules of Syntax are here introduced in a body. The enclosed numerals refer to the various articles in the work where the several topics are more fully discussed.

NOUNS.

AGREEMENT.

I. A PREDICATE NOUN denoting the same person or thing as its Subject, agrees with it in CASE (362):

Ego sum nuntius, I am a messenger. Liv.

II. AN APPOSITIVE agrees with its Subject in CASE (363):
Cluilius rex moritur, Cluilius the king dies. Liv.

NOMINATIVE.

III. The Subject of a Finite verb is put in the Nominative (367):

Servius regnavit, Servius reigned. Liv.

VOCATIVE.

IV. The Name of the person or thing addressed is put in the Vocative (369):

Perge, Laeli, Proceed, Laelius. Cic.

ACCUSATIVE.

V. The DIRECT OBJECT of an action is put in the Accusative (371):

Deus mundum aedificavit, God made the world. Cic.

VI. Verbs of MAKING, CHOOSING, CALLING, REGARDING, SHOWING, and the like, admit two Accusatives of the same person or thing (373):

Nep.

Hămilcărem impĕrātōrem fēcērunt, They made Hamilcar commander.

VII. Some verbs of ASKING, DEMANDING, TEACHING, and CONCEALING, admit two Accusatives in the Active, and one in the Passive (374):

Me sententiam rogavit, He asked me my opinion. Cic.

VIII. DURATION OF TIME AND EXTENT OF SPACE are expressed by the Accusative (378):

Septem et triginta regnavit annos, He reigned thirty-seven years. Liv. Quinque millia passuum ambŭlāre, to walk five miles. Cic.

IX. The Name of a Town used as the Limit of motion is put in the Accusative (379):

Nuntius Rōmam redit, The messenger returns to Rome. Liv.

X. A Verb or Adjective may take an Adverbial Accusative to define its application (380):

Căpăta vēlāmur, We have our heads veiled. Virg. Nube hůměros ămictus, with his shoulders enveloped in a cloud. Hor.

XI. The Accusative, either with or without an Interjection, may be used in Exclamations (381):

Heu me misĕrum, Ah me unhappy! Cic.

DATIVE.

XII. The INDIRECT OBJECT is put in the Dative (384):

Tempori cedit, He yields to the time. Cic.

Dative of Advantage and Disadvantage (385).

Dative with Compounds (386).

Dative of Possessor (387).

Dative of Apparent Agent (388).

Ethical Dative (389).

XIII. Two Datives-the OBJECT TO WHICH and the OBJECT FOR WHICH-occur with a few verbs (390):

Mălo est hominibus ăvārītia, Avarice is (for) an evil to men. Cic.

XIV. With Adjectives the OBJECT TO WHICH the quality is directed is put in the Dative (391):

Omnibus cărum est, It is dear to all. Cic.

XV. A few Derivative Nouns and Adverbs take the Dative after the analogy of their primitives (392):

Obtemperátio legibus, obedience to the laws. Cic. Congruenter natūrae, agreeably to nature. Cic.

GENITIVE.

XVI. Any noun, not an Appositive, qualifying the meaning of another noun, is put in the Genitive (395): Cătōnis ōrātiōnes, Cato's orations. Cic.

XVII. Many Adjectives take a Genitive to complete their meaning (399):

Avidus laudis, desirous of praise. Cic.

XVIII. A Predicate Noun denoting a different person or thing from its Subject, is put in the Genitive (401): Omnia hostium ĕrant, All things belonged to (were of) the enemy. Liv. XIX. The Genitive is used (406),

I. With misĕreor and misĕresco :

Miserere lăbōrum, pity the labors. Virg.

II. With recordor, měmĭni, reminiscor, and obliviscor:
Měminit praeteritōrum, He remembers the past. Cic.

III. With refert and interest:

Interest omnium, It is the interest of all. Cic.

XX. A few verbs take the Accusative of the Person and the Genitive of the Thing (410):

I. Verbs of Reminding, Admonishing:

Te ămicitiae commoněfăcit, He reminds you of friendship. Cic.
II. Verbs of Accusing, Convicting, Acquitting:
Viros scělěris arguis, You accuse men of crime. Cic.

III. Míséret, Poenitet, Pŭdet, Taedet, and Piget :
Eōrum nos misĕret, We pity them. Cic.

For the Genitive of Place, see Rule XXVI.

ABLATIVE.

XXI. CAUSE, MANNER, and MEANS are denoted by the Ablative (414):

Utilitāte laudatur, It is praised because of its usefulness. Cic.

XXII. PRICE is generally denoted by the Ablative (416):

Vendidit auro patriam, He sold his country for gold. Virg.

XXIII. Comparatives without QUAM are followed by the Ablative (417):

Nihil est ămăbilius virtute, Nothing is more lovely than virtue. Cic.

XXIV. The MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE is denoted by the Ablative (418):

Uno die longior, longer by one day. Cic.

XXV. The Ablative is used (419),

I. With utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and their compounds:

Plūrimis rebus fruimur, We enjoy very many things. Cic.

II. With fido, confido, nitor, innitor:

Sălus vērĭtāte nititur, Safety rests upon truth. Cic.

III. With VERBS and ADJECTIVES OF PLENTY and WANT:
Non ĕgeo mědicīna, I do not need a remedy. Cic.

IV. With dignus, indignus, contentus, and frētus :
Digni sunt ămicitia, They are worthy of friendship. Cic.

V. With opus and ūsus:

Auctōrĭtāte tua nobis opus est, We need your authority. Cic.

XXVI. I. The PLACE IN WHICH and the PLACE FROM WHICH are generally denoted by the Ablative with a Preposition. But

II. NAMES OF TOWNS drop the Preposition, and in the Singular of the First and Second declensions designate the PLACE IN WHICH by the Genitive (421):

In Itălia fuit, He was in Italy. Nep. Ex Africa, from Africa. Liv. Athenis fuit, He was at Athens. Cic. Romae fuit, He was at Rome. Cic.

XXVII. SOURCE and SEPARATION are denoted by the Ablative, generally with a preposition (425):

Oriundi ab Săbinis, descended from the Sabines. Liv. Caedem a võbis depello, I ward off slaughter from you. Cic.

XXVIII. The TIME of an Action is denoted by the Ab lative (426):

Octōgésimo anno est mortuus, He died in his eightieth year. Cic.

XXIX. The Ablative with an adjective may be used to characterize a person or thing (428):

Summa virtute ǎdolescens, a youth of the highest virtue. Caes.

XXX. The Ablative may be used with a word to define its application (429):

Nep.

Nōmine, non potestāte fuit rex, He was king in name, not in power.

XXXI. The Ablative is used as the CASE ABSOLUTE (431):

Servio regnante, in the reign of Servius (Servius reigning). Cic.

CASES WITH PREPOSITIONS.

XXXII. The Accusative and Ablative may be used with Prepositions (432):

Ad ămicum, to a friend. Cic. In Italia, in Italy. Nep.

ADJECTIVES.

XXXIII. An Adjective agrees with its Noun in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE (438):

Fortūna caeca est, Fortune is blind. Cic.

PRONOUNS.

XXXIV. A Pronoun agrees with its Antecedent in GENDER, NUMBER, and PERSON (445):

Animal, quod sanguinem habet, an animal which has blood. Cic.

VERBS.

AGREEMENT.

XXXV. A Finite Verb agrees with its Subject in NUM

BER and PERSON (460):

Ego reges ejeci, I have banished kings. Cic.