II. The Future has the Second and Third persons, and corresponds to the imperative use of the English Future with shall, or to the Imperative let:

Ii consules appellantor, They shall be called consuls, or let them be called consuls. Cic. Quod dixero, făcitōte, You shall do what I say (shall have said). Ter.

1. FUTURE FOR PRESENT.-The Future Imperative is sometimes used where we should expect the Present:

Quoniam supplicatio decrēta est, celebratōte illos dies, Since a thanksgiving has been decreed, celebrate those days. Cic.

This is particularly common in certain verbs: thus scio has only the forms of the Future in common use.

2. PRESENT FOR FUTURE.-The Imperative Present is often used in poetry, and sometimes in prose, of an action which belongs entirely to the future: Ubi ǎciem viděris, tum ordines dissipa, When you shall see the line of battle, then scatter the ranks. Liv.

II. USE OF THE IMPERATIVE.

RULE XLVIII.-Imperative.

535. The Imperative is used in commands, exhortations, and entreaties:

Justitiam cŏle, Practise justice. Cic. Tu ne cêde mălis, Do not yield to misfortunes. Virg. Si quid in te peccavi, ignosce, If I have sinned against you, pardon me. Cic.

1. CIRCUMLOCUTIONS.-Instead of the simple Imperative, several circumlocutions are common:

1) Cūra ut, fac ut, fac, each with the Subjunctive :

Cūra ut věnias, See that you come. Cic. See 489.

2) Fac ne, căve ne, căve, with the Subjunctive :

Căve făcias, Beware of doing it, or see that you do not do it. Cic.
3) Noli, nolite, with the Infinitive:

Nōli imitări, do not imitate. Cic. See 538. 2.

2. IMPERATIVE CLAUSE FOR CONDITION.-An Imperative clause may be used instead of a Conditional clause:

Lăcesse; jam videbis furentem, Provoke him (i. e., if you provoke him), you will at once see him frantic. Cic.

3. IMPERATIVE SUPPLIED.-The place of the Imperative may be variously supplied:

.1) By the Subjunctive of Desire (487):

Sint beati, Let them be happy. Cic. Impii ne audeant, Let not the im pious dare. Cic

2) By the Indicative Future:

Quod optimum vidēbītur, făcies, You will do (for Imper. do) what shall seem best. Cic.

536. The Imperative Present, like the English Imperative, is used in commands, exhortations, and entreaties. See examples under the Rule.

537. The Imperative Future is used,

I. In commands involving future rather than present action:

Rem penditōte, You shall consider the subject. Cic. Cras pětĭto; dăbitur, Ask to-morrow; it shall be granted. Plaut.

II. In laws, orders, precepts, etc.:

Consules nēmĭni părento, The consuls shall be subject tɔ no one. Cic. Sălus populi suprema lex esto, The safety of the people shall be the supreme

law. Cic.

538. IMPERATIVE IN PROHIBITIONS.-In prohibitions or negative commands,

1. The negative ne, rarely non, accompanies the Imperative, and if a connective is required, nève, or neu, is generally used, rarely něque :

Tu ne cède mălis, Do not yield to misfortunes. Virg. Hominem mortuum in urbe ne sěpělito, neve ūrito, Thou shalt not bury or burn a dead body in the city. Cic.

2. Instead of ne with the Present Imperative, the best prose writers generally use noli and nolite with the Infinitive:

Nōlite putare (for ne pŭtāte), do not think (be unwilling to think). Cic.

SECTION VIII.

INFINITIVE.

539. The treatment of the Latin Infinitive embraces

four topics:

I. The Tenses of the Infinitive.

II. The Subject of the Infinitive.

III. The Predicate after the Infinitive.
IV. The Construction of the Infinitive.

I. TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE.

540. The Infinitive has three tenses, Present, Perfect, and Future. They express however not absolute, but relative time, denoting respectively Present, Past, or Future time, relatively to the Principal verb.

1. PECULIARITIES.-These tenses present the leading peculiarities specified under these tenses in the Indicative. See 467. 2.

541. The PRESENT INFINITIVE represents the action as taking place at the time denoted by the principal verb:

Cupio me esse clementem, I desire to be mild. Cic. Maluit se diligi quam mětui, He preferred to be loved rather than feared. Nep.

1. REAL TIME.-Hence the real time denoted by the Present Infinitive is the time of the verb on which it depends.

2. PRESENT FOR FUTURE.-The Present is sometimes used for the Future and sometimes has little or no reference to time:

Cras argentum dăre dixit, He said he would give the silver to-morrow. Ter.

3. PRESENT WITH DEBEO, POSSUM, ETC.-After the past tenses of debeo, oportet, possum, and the like, the Present Infinitive is used where our idiom would lead us to expect the Perfect; sometimes also after měmini, and the like:

Debuit officiōsior esse, He ought to have been more attentive. Cic. Id potuit făcere, He might have done this. Cic.

542. The PERFECT INFINITIVE represents the action as completed at the time denoted by the principal verb:

Plătōnem ferunt in Ităliam venisse, They say that Plato came into Italy. Cic. Conscius mihi ĕram, nihil a me commissum esse, I was conscious to myself that no offence had been committed by me. Cic.

1. REAL TIME.-Hence the real time denoted by the Perfect Infinitive is that of the Perfect tense, if dependent upon the Present, and that of the Pluperfect, if dependent upon a Historical tense, as in the examples.

2. PERFECT FOR PRESENT.-In the poets the Perfect Infinitive is sometimes used for the Present, rarely in prose:

Tětigisse timent poetam, They fear to touch (to have touched) the poet. Hor. 3. PASSIVE INFINITIVE.-The Passive Infinitive with esse sometimes denotes the result of the action: victus esse, to have been vanquished, and so, to be a vanquished man. Fuisse for esse emphasizes the completeness of the action: victus fuisse, to have been vanquished. See 575. 1.

543. The FUTURE INFINITIVE represents the action as about to take place in time subsequent to that of the principal verb:

Brūtum visum īri a me pŭto, I think Brutus will be seen by me. Cic. Orācŭlum dătum ĕrat victrīces Athēnas före, An oracle had been given, that Athens would be victorious. Cic.

Hence after a Principal tense the real time of the Future Infinitive is Future, but after a Historical tense the real time can be determined only by the context.

544. CIRCUMLOCUTION FOR FUTURE INFINITIVE.-Instead of the regular Future Infinitive, the circumlocution futurum esse ut, or fore ut, with the Subjunctive,-Present after a Principal tense, and Imperfect after a Historical tense, is frequently used:

Spero fore ut contingat id nobis, I hope this will fall to our lot (I hope it will come to pass that this may happen to us). Cic. Non spērāvĕrat Hannibal, fore ut ad se déficèrent, Hannibal had not hoped that they would revolt to him. Liv. See 556. II. 1.

1. CIRCUMLOCUTION NECESSARY.-Fütūrum esse ut, or före ut, with the Subjunctive, for the Future Infinitive, is common in the Passive, and is moreover necessary in both voices in all verbs which want the Supine and the Participle in rus.

2. FORE UT WITH PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.-Sometimes före ut with the Subjunctive, Perfect or Pluperfect, is used with the force of a Future Perfect; and in Passive' and Deponent verbs, före with the Perfect Participle may be used with the same force:

Dico me sǎtis ådeptum före, I say that I shall have obtained enough. Cic.

3. FUTURUM FUISSE UT WITH SUBJUNCTIVE.-Futurum fuisse ut with the Subjunctive may be used in the conclusion of a conditional sentence of the third form when made dependent:

Nisi nuntii essent allati, existimabant fütūrum fuisse, ut oppidum amitteretur, They thought that the town would have been lost, if tidings had not been brought. Caes. See 533. 2.

II. SUBJECT OF INFINITIVE.

RULE XLIX.-Subject.

545. The Subject of an Infinitive is put in the Ac cusative:

Sentimus călere ignem, We perceive that fire is hot. Cic. Plătōnem Tărentum venisse rèpěrio, I find that Plato came to Tarentum. Cic.

1. HISTORICAL INFINITIVE.-In lively description the Infinitive is sometimes used for the Indicative Imperfect. It is then called the Historical Infinitive, and, like a finite verb, has its subject in the Nominative:

Hostes gaesa conjicere, The enemy hurled their javelins. Caes.

The Historical Infinitive may often be explained by supplying coepit or coeperunt; but in most instances it is better to treat it simply as an idiom of the language. 2. SUBJECT OMITTED.-The Subject of an Infinitive may be omitted: 1) When it denotes the same person or thing as the subject of the principal clause, or may be readily supplied from the context:

Magna něgōtia volunt ǎgère, They wish to accomplish great undertakings. Cic. Peccare licet nēmĭni, It is not lawful for any one to sin. Cic.

2) When it is indefinite or general:

Diligi jucundum est, It is pleasant to be loved. Cic.

3. INFINITIVE OMITTED.-Esse and fuisse are often omitted in the compound forms of the Infinitive and with predicate adjectives, other infinitives less frequently (551. 5):

Audivi solitum Fabricium, I have heard that Fabricius was wont. Cic. Spērāmus nobis profuturos, We hope to benefit you. Cic.

III. PREDICATE AFTER INFINITIVE.

546. A Predicate Noun or Adjective after an Infinitive regularly agrees with the Subject, expressed or understood (362.3):

Ego me Phidiam esse mallem, I should prefer to be Phidias. Cic. Tradi tum est, Hŏmērum caecum fuisse, It has been handed down by traditionthat Homer was blind. Cic. Jugurtha omnibus cārus esse (historical infini tive), Jugurtha was dear to all. Sall.

547. A Predicate Noun or Adjective, after an Infinitive whose Subject is omitted, is often attracted into the Nominative or Dative:

I. It is attracted into the Nominative to agree with the Subject of the principal verb, when the latter is the same person or thing as the omitted Subject:

Nōlo esse laudător, I am unwilling to be an eulogist. Cic. Beatus esse sine virtute nemo potest, No one can be happy without virtue. Cic.

1. This occurs most frequently (1) after verbs of duty, ability, courage, custom, desire, beginning, continuing, ending, and the like-debeo, possum, audeo, soleo, cupio, volo, mālo, nōlo, incipio, pergo, desino, etc., and (2) after various Passive verbs of saying, thinking, finding, seeming, and the like-dicor, trador, fĕror-crēdor, existămor, pŭtor-rěpěrior-videor, etc.:

Quis scientior esse debuit, Who ought to have been more learned? Cic. Părens dici potest, He can be called a parent. Cic. Stoicus esse võluit, Ile wished to be a Stoic. Cic. Desinant esse timidi, Let them cease to be timid. Cic. Inventor esse dicitur, He is said to be the inventor. Cic. Prūdens esse putābātur, He was thought to be prudent. Cic.

2. Participles in the compound tenses of the Infinitive are also attracted: Pollicitus esse dicitur, He is said to have promised. Cic.

II. The Predicate Noun or Adjective is sometimes attracted into the Dative to agree with a Dative in the principal clause, when the latter denotes the same person or thing as the omitted Subject:

Patricio tribūno plebis fieri non licebat, It was not lawful for a patrician to be made tribune of the people. Cic. Mihi negligenti esse non licuit, It was not permitted me to be negligent. Cic.