1) In the second member, necne, sometimes an non, is used in the sense of or not: Săpientia beatos eff iciat necne, quaestio est, Whether or not wisdom makes men happy, is a question. Cic.

2) An, in the sense of whether not, implying an affirmative, is used after verbs and expressions of doubt and uncertainty: dubito an, nescio an, haud scio an, I doubt whether not, I know not whether not I am inclined to think; dubium est an, incertum est an, it is uncertain whether not it is probable:

Dubito an Thrasybulum primum omnium pōnam, I doubt whether I should not place Thrasybulus first of all, i. e., I am inclined to think I should. Nep.

3) An sometimes has the force of aut, perhaps by the omission of incertum est, as used above:

Simonides an quis alius, Simonides or some other one. Cic.

VIII. SUBJUNCTIVE BY ATTRACTION.

RULE XLVI.-Attraction.

527. The Subjunctive by Attraction is often used in clauses dependent upon the Subjunctive:

Věreor, ne, dum mínuĕre vělim lăbōrem, augeam, I fear I shall increase the labor, while I wish to diminish it. Cic. Tempus est hujusmodi, ut, ubi quisque sit, ibi esse minime vělit, The time is of such a character that every one wishes to be least of all where he is. Cic. Mos est, ut dicat sententiam, qui vělit, The custom is that he who wishes expresses his opinion. Cic.

1. APPLICATION.-This rule is applicable to clauses introduced by conjunctions, adverbs, or relatives. Thus, in the examples, the clauses introduced by dum, ubi, and qui, take the subjunctive, because they are dependent upon clauses which have the subjunctive.

2. INDICATIVE OR SUBJUNCTIVE.-Such clauses generally take,

1) The Indicative, when they are in a measure parenthetical or give special prominence to the fact stated:

Milites misit, ut eos qui fûgerant persequerentur, He sent soldiers to pursue those who had fled, i. e., the fugitives. Caes. Tanta vis probĭtātis est, ut eam, vel in iis quos nunquam vidimus, dīlīgāmus, Such is the force of integrity that we love it even in those whom we have never seen. Cic.

The Indicative with dum is very common, especially in the poets and historians: Fuere qui, dum dubitat Scaevinus, hortarentur Pisōnem, There were those who exhorted Piso, while Scaevinus hesitated. Tac. See also 467. 4.

2) The Subjunctive, when the clauses are essential to the general thought of the sentence, as in the examples under the rule.

3. AFTER INFINITIVE CLAUSES.-The principle just stated (2) applies also to the use of Moods in clauses dependent upon the Infinitive. This

often explains the Subjunctive in a condition belonging to an Infinitive, especially with non possum:

Nec bonitas esse potest, si non per se expětātur, Nor can goodness exist (= it is not possible that), if it is not sought for itself. Cic.

But clauses dependent upon the Infinitive are found most frequently in the Oratio Obliqua and are accordingly provided for by 529.

IX. SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE,-
Oratio Obliqua.

528. When a writer or speaker expresses thoughts, whether his own or those of another, in any other form than in the original words of the author, he is said to use the Indirect Discourse-Oratio Obliqua:

Plătōnem ferunt in Italiam vēnisse, They say that Plato came into Italy. Cic. Respondeo te dolorem ferre moderate, I reply that you bear the affliction with moderation. Cic. Utilem arbitror esse scientiam, I think that knowledge is useful. Cic.

1. DIRECT AND INDIRECT.-In distinction from the Indirect DiscourseOratio Obliqua, the original words of the author are said to be in the Direct Discourse-Oratio Recta. Thus in the first example, Plătōnem in Ităliam venisse is in the indirect discourse; in the direct, i. e., in the original words of those who made the statement, it would be: Plăto in Italiam venit.

2. QUOTATION.-Words quoted without change belong of course to the Direct Discourse:

Rex "duumviros" inquit "secundum legem făcio," The king said, “I appoint duumvirs according to law." Liv.

RULE XLVII.—Subjunctive in Indirect Discourse.

529. The Subjunctive is generally used in the Interrogative, Imperative, and Subordinate clauses of the Oratio Obliqua :

Ad postulata Caesăris respondit, cur věnīret (direct: cur venis ?), To the demands of Caesar he replied, why did he come. Caes. Scribit Lăbiēno cum legiōne veniat (direct: cum legiōne věni), He writes to Labienus to come (that he should come) with a legion. Caes. Hippias glōriātus est, annŭlum quem hǎbēret (direct: hăbeo) se sua mănu confecisse, Hippias boasted that he had made with his own hand the ring which he wore. Cic.

NOTE. For convenience of reference the following outline of the use of Moods, Tenses, Pronouns, etc. in the Oratio Obliqua is here inserted.

530. MOODS IN PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.-The Principal clauses of the Direct discourse, on becoming Indirect, undergo the following changes of Mood:

I. When Declarative, they take the Infinitive (551):

Dicebat ǎnimos esse divinos (direct: ănĭmi sunt divini), He was wont to say that souls were divine. Cic. Plătōnem Tărentum venisse repĕrio (Plato Tarentum vēnit), I find that Plato came to Tarentum. Cic. Căto mīrāri se (miror) aiebat, Cato was wont to say that he wondered. Cic.

II. When Interrogative or Imperative, they generally take the Subjunctive according to Rule XLVII.

1. VERB OMITTED.-The verb on which the Infinitive depends is often omitted, or only implied in some preceding verb or expression; especially after the Subjunctive of Purpose:

Pythia praecepit ut Miltiadem impĕrātōrem sūměrent; incepta prospěra futura, Pythia commanded that they should take Miltiades as their commander, (telling them) that their efforts would be successful. Nep.

2. RHETORICAL QUESTIONS.-Questions which are such only in form, requiring no answer, are generally construed, according to sense, in the Infinitive. They are sometimes called Rhetorical questions, as they are often used for Rhetorical effect instead of assertions: thus num possit, can he? for non potest, he can not; quid sit turpius, what is more base? for nihil est turpius, nothing is more base.

Here belong many questions which in the direct form have the verb in the first or third person:

Respondit num memoriam depōnĕre posse, He replied, could he lay aside the recollection. Caes. Here the direct question would be: Num měmoriam depōnĕre possim ?

3. IMPERATIVE CLAUSES WITH THE INFINITIVE. See 551. II. 1.

531. MOODS IN SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.-The Subordinate clauses of the Direct discourse, on becoming Indirect, put their finite verbs in the Subjunctive :

Orābant, ut sìbi auxilium ferret quod prěměrentur (direct: nōbis auxilium fer, quod prěmimur), They prayed that he would bring them help, because they were oppressed. Caes.

1. INFINITIVE IN RELATIVE CLAUSES.-It must be remembered (453), that Relative clauses, though subordinate in form, sometimes have the force of Principal clauses. When thus used in the Oratio Obliqua, they may be construed with the Infinitive:

Ad eum defertur, esse civem Rōmānum qui quèrĕrētur : quem (= et cum) asservātum esse, It was reported to him that there was a Roman citizen who made a complaint, and that he had been placed under guard. Cic. So also comparisons: Te suspicor iisdem, quibus me ipsum, commŏvēri, I suspect that you are moved by the same things as I am. Cic.

2. INFINITIVE After certain CONJUNCTIONS.-The Infinitive occurs, especially in Livy and Tacitus, even in clauses after quia, quum, quamquam, and some other conjunctions:

Dicit, se moenibus inclusos těnére eos; quia per agros vågari, He says that he keeps them shut up within the walls, because (otherwise) they would wander through the fields. Liv. See also 551. I. 5 and 6.

3. INDICATIVE IN PARENTHETICAL CLAUSES.-Clauses may be introduced parenthetically in the oratio obliqua without strictly forming a part of it, and may accordingly take the Indicative:

Rěferunt silvam esse, quae appellatur Băcēnis, They report that there is a forest which is called Bacenis. Caes.

4. INDICATIVE IN CLAUSES NOT PARENTHETICAL.-Sometimes clauses not parenthetical take the Indicative to give prominence to the fact stated. This occurs most frequently in Relative clauses :

Certior factus est ex ea parte vici, quam Gallis concesserat, omnes discessisse, He was informed that all had withdrawn from that part of the village which he had assigned to the Gauls. Caes.

532. TENSES.-Tenses in the Oratio Obliqua generally conform to the ordinary rules for Infinitive and Subjunctive Tenses (480, 540), but the law of Sequence of Tenses admits of certain qualifications:

1. The Present and Perfect may be used even after a Historical tense, to impart a more lively effect to the narrative:

Caesar respondit, si obsides sibi dentur, sēse pacem esse facturum, Caesar replied, that if hostages should be given him, he would make peace. Caes. 2. In Conditional sentences of the third form (510),

1) The condition retains the Imperfect or Pluperfect without reference to the tense of the Principal verb;

2) The Conclusion changes the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive into the Periphrastic Infinitives in rus esse and rus fuisse :

Censes Pompeium laetātūrum fuisse, si sciret, Do you think Pompey would have rejoiced, if he had known? Cic. Clamĭtābat, si ille ǎdesset, ventūros esse, He cried out that they would come, if he were present. Caes.

But the Regular Infinitive, instead of the periphrastic forms, sometimes occurs

in this construction, especially in expressions of Duty, etc. (475. 4).

3. Conditional Sentences of the second form (509), after Historical tenses, sometimes retain in their conditional clauses the Present or Perfect and sometimes change it to the Imperfect or Pluperfect, according to the Rule for Sequence of Tenses (480):

Respondit, si expěrīri vělint, părātum esse, He replied, if they wished to make the trial he was ready. Caes. Lēgātos mittit, si ita fecisset, ămicătiam fùtūram, He sent messengers saying that, if he would do thus, there would be friendship. Caes.

Here mittit is the Historical Present. See 467. III.

4. The Future Perfect in a Subordinate clause of the Direct discourse is changed in the Indirect into the Perfect Subjunctive after a Principal tense, and into the Pluperfect Subjunctive after a Historical tense:

Agunt ut dimicent; ibi imperium fore, unde victoria fuerit, They arrange that they shall fight; that the sovereignty shall be on the side which shall win the victory (whence the victory may have been). Liv. Appārēbat regnātūrum, qui vicisset, It was evident that he would be king who should conquer. Liv.

533. PRONOUNS, ADVERBS, ETC.-Pronouns and adverbs, as also the persons of the verbs, are often changed in passing from the Direct discourse to the Indirect :

Glōriātus est annulum se sua mănu confecisse (direct: annulum ego mea mănu confeci), He boasted that he had made the ring with his own hand. Cic.

1. Pronouns of first and second persons are often changed to the third. Thus above ego in the direct discourse becomes se, and mea becomes зиа. In the same way hic and iste are often changed to ille.

2. Adverbs meaning here or now are often changed to those meaning there or then; nunc to tum; hic to illic.

3. In the use of pronouns observe

1) That references to the SPEAKER whose words are reported are made, if of the 1st Pers. by ego, meus, noster, etc., if of the 2d Pers. by tu, tuus, etc., and if of the 3d Pers. by sui, suus, ipse, etc., though sometimes by hic, is, ille.

2) That references to the REPORTER, or Author, are made by ego, meus, etc.

3) That references to the PERSON ADDRESSED by the reporter are made by tu, tuus, etc.

Ariovistus respondit nos esse iniquos qui se interpellārēmus (direct: vos estis iniqui qui me, etc.), Ariovistus replied that we were unjust who interrupted him. Caes.

Here nos refers to the Reporter, Caesar, we Romans. Se refers to the Speaker, Ariovistus. In the second example under 528, te refers to the Person Addressed.

SECTION VII.

IMPERATIVE.

I. TENSES OF THE IMPERATIVE.

534. The Imperative has but two Tenses:

I. The PRESENT has only the Second person, and corresponds to the English Imperative:

Justitiam cole, Practise justice. Cic. Perge, Cătilīna, Go, Catiline. Cic.