2. WITH OTHER CONJUNCTIONS.-The Subjunctive may of course be used in any temporal clause, when the thought, irrespective of the temporal particle, requires that mood; see 486. III.

Ubi res posceret, whenever the case might require. Liv.

522. DUM, DONEC, and QUOAD take

I. The Indicative,-(1) in the sense of while, as long as, and (2) in the sense of until, if the action is viewed as an actual fact:

Dum leges vigebant, as long as the laws were in force. Cic. Quoad renuntiatum est, until it was (actually) announced. Nep.

II. The Subjunctive, when the action is viewed not so much as a fact as something desired or proposed:

Differant, dum defervescat īra, Let them defer it, till their anger cools, i. e., that it may cool. Cic. See also examples under the rule.

1. DONEC, IN TACITUS, generally takes the Subjunctive :

Rhenus servat violentiam cursus, donec Oceano misceatur, The Rhine preserves the rapidity of its current, till it mingles with the ocean. Tac.

2. DONEC, IN LIVY, occurs with the Subjunctive even in the sense of while, but with the accessory notion of cause:

Nihil trepidabant donec ponte ǎgèrentur, They did not fear at all while (and because) they were driven on the bridge. Liv.

523. ANTEQUAM and PRIUSQUAM generally take,

I. The Indicative, when they denote mere priority of time:

Priusquam lucet, adsunt, They are present before it is light. Cic. Antequam in Siciliam veni, before I came into Sicily. Cic.

II. The Subjunctive, when they denote a dependence of one event upon another. Thus,

1. In any Tense, when the accessory notion of purpose or cause is involved:

Priusquam incipias, consulto opus est, Before you begin there is need of deliberation, i. e., as preparatory to your beginning. Sall. Tempestas minātur, antequam surgat, The tempest threatens, before it rises, i. e., the threatening of the tempest naturally precedes its rising. Sen.

2. In the Imperfect and Pluperfect, as the regular construction in narration, because the one event is generally treated as the occasion or natural antecedent of the other. See also 471. 4.

Antequam urbem căpèrent, before they took the city. Liv. Priusquam de meo adventu audire potuissent, in Măcědoniam perrexi, Before they were able to hear of my approach, I went into Macedonia. Cic.

3. Pridie quam takes the same moods as Priusquam.

IV. Relative clauses after Comparatives with Quam take the subjunctive:

Damna majōra sunt quam quae ( = ut ea) aestĭmāri possint, The losses are too great to be estimated (greater than so that they can be). Liv.

IV. SUBJUNCTIVE OF CONDITION.

502. Every conditional sentence consists of two distinct parts, expressed or understood,-the Condition and the Conclusion:

Si něgem, mentiar, If I should deny it, I should speak falsely. Cic.
Here si negem is the condition, and mentiar, the conclusion.

RULE XLI.-Subjunctive of Condition.

503. The Subjunctive of Condition is used,

I. With dum, mŏdo, dummodo:

Mănent ingenia, modo permăneat industria, Mental powers remain, if only industry remains. Cic.

II. With ac si, ut si, quăsi, quam si, tanquam, tanquam si, vělut, vělut si:

Crūdēlĭtātem, vělut si ădesset, horrebant, They shuddered at his cruelty, as if he were present. Caes.

III. Sometimes with si, nisi, ni, sin, qui

=

si is, si quis:

Dies dêficiat, si vělim nůměrāre, The day would fail me, if I should wish to recount. Cic. Improbe feceris, nisi mõnuĕris, You would do wrong, if you should not give warning. Cic. Si võluisset, dimicasset, If he had wished, he would have fought. Nep.

1. SI OMITTED.-Two clanses without any conjunction sometimes have the force of a conditional sentence:

Něgat quis, něgo, Does any one deny, I deny. Ter. Roges me, nihil respondeam, Should you ask me, I should make no reply. Cic. See also Imper. ative, 535. 2.

2. CONDITION SUPPLIED.-The condition may be supplied,

1) By Participles: Non potestis, võluptate omnia dirigentes (si dirigi tis), retinere virtutem, You cannot retain your manhood, if you arrange all things with reference to pleasure. Cic.

2) By Oblique Cases: Nemo sine spe (nisi spem haberet) se offerret ad mortem, No one without a hope (if he had not a hope) would expose himself to death. Cic.

3. IRONY.-The condition is sometimes ironical, especially with nisi vēro, nisi forte with the Indicative, and with quăsi, quăsi vēro with the Present or Perfect Subjunctive:

Nisi forte insanit, unless perhaps he is insane. Cic. Quăsi vēro něcesse sit, as if indeed it were necessary. Caes.

4. ITA-SI, ETC.-Ita-si, so—i —if, means only-if. Si quidem, if indeed, sometimes has nearly the force of since.

5. ET OMITTED.-See 587. I. 6.

504. FORCE OF TENSES.-In conditional sentences the Present and Perfect tenses represent the supposition as not at all improbable, the Imperfect and Pluperfect represent it as contrary to the fact. See examples above. See also

476 to 478.

1. PRESENT FOR IMPERFECT.-The Present Subjunctive is sometimes used for the Imperfect, when a condition, in itself contrary to reality, is still conceived of as possible :

Tu si hic sis, ălĭter sentias, If you were the one (or, should be), you would think differently. Ter.

2. IMPERFECT FOR PLUPERFECT.-The Imperfect Subjunctive is sometimes used for the Pluperfect, with the nice distinction that it contemplates the supposed action as going on, not as completed:

Num Opimium, si tum esses, těměrārium civem putares? Would you think Opimius an audacious citizen, if you were living at that time (Pluperf. would you have thought-if you had lived)? Cic.

505. DUM, MŎDO, DUMMODO.-Dum, modo, and dummodo, in conditions, have the force of-if only, provided that, or with ne, if only not, provided that not:

Dum res măneant, verba fingant, Let them make words, if only the facts remain. Cic. Modo permăneat industria, if only industry remains. Cic. Dummodo repellat pĕriculum, provided he may avert danger. Cic. Modo ne laudarent, if only they did not praise. Cic.

When not used in conditions, these conjunctions often admit the indicative:
Dum leges vigebant, while the laws were in force. Cic.

506. Ac SI, UT SI, QUĂSI, ETC.-—Ac si, ut si, quam si, quasi, tanquam, tanquam si, vělut, vělut si, involve an ellipsis of the real conclusion:

Misĕrior es, quam si oculos non haberes, You are more unhappy than (esses, you would be) if you had not eyes. Cic. Crūdēlitātem, vělut si adesset, horrebant, They shuddered at his cruelty as (they would) if he were present. Caes. Ut si in suam rem ǎliēna convertant, as if they should appropriate others' possessions to their own use. Cic. Tanquam audiant, as if they may hear. Sen.

Ceu and Sicuti are sometimes used in the same way:

Ceu bella forent, as if there were wars. Virg. Sicuti audiri possent, as if they could be heard. Sall.

1) INDICATIVE Or Subjunctive. With antequam and priusquam, the Indica tive and Subjunctive are sometimes used without any apparent difference of meaning, but the Subjunctive probably denotes a closer connection between the two events:

Ante de incommodis dico, pauca dicenda, Before I (actually) speak of disadvantages, a few things should be mentioned. Cic. Antequam de re publica dicam, exponam consilium, Before I speak of the republic, I will set forth my plan. Cic.

2) ANTE-QUAM, PRIUS-QUAM.-The two parts of which antèquam, priusquam, and postquam are compounded are often separated, so that ante, prius, or post stands in the principal clause and quam in the subordinate clause:

Paucis ante diebus, quam Syrācūsae căperentur, a few days before Syracuse was taken. Liv. See Tmesis, 704. IV. 3.

VII. SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS.

524. A clause which involves a question without directly asking it, is called an indirect or dependent question.

RULE XLV.-Indirect Questions.

525. The Subjunctive is used in Indirect Questions:

Quid dies ferat incertum est, What a day may bring forth is uncertain. Cic. Quaeritur, cur doctissimi homines dissentiant, It is a question, why the most learned men disagree. Cic. Quacsièras, nonne pŭtārem, you had asked whether I did not think. Cic. Qualis sit ănĭmus, ănĭmus nescit, The soul knows not what the soul is. Cic.

1. WITH INTERROGATIVES.-Indirect or Dependent questions, like those not dependent, are introduced by interrogative words: quid, cur, nonne, qualis, etc.; rarely by si, sive, seu, whether; ut, how. See examples above.

2. SUBSTANTIVE FORCE.-Indirect questions are used substantively, and generally, though not always, supply the place of subjects or objects of verbs. But an Accusative, referring to the same person or thing as the subject of the question, is sometimes inserted after the leading verb.

Ego illum nescio qui fuerit, I do not know (him), who he was. Ter.

3. DIRECT AND INDIRECT.—An indirect question may be readily changed to a direct or independent question.

Thus the direct question involved in the first example is: Quid dies feret, What will a day bring forth? So in the second: Cur doctissimi homines dissentiunt, Why do the most learned men disagree?

4. SUBJUNCTIVE OMITTED.-After nescio quis, I know not who = quidam, some one; nescio quomodo, I know not how, etc., as also after mirum quantum, it is wonderful how much = wonderfully much, very much, there is an ellipsis of the Subjunctive:

Nescio quid ănĭmus praesagit, The mind forebodes, I know not what (it forebodes, praesagiat, understood). Ter. Id mirum quantum profuit, This profited, it is wonderful how much, i. e., it wonderfully profited. Liv.

5. INDIRECT QUESTIONS DISTINGUISHED.-Indirect Questions must be carefully distinguished from certain similar forms. Thus,

1) From Relative Clauses.-Clauses introduced by Relative Pronouns or Relative Adverbs always have an antecedent or correlative expressed or understood, and are never, as a whole, the subject or object of a verb, while Indirect Questions are generally so used:

Dicam quod sentio (rel. clause). I will tell that which (id quod) I think. Cic. Dicam quid intelligam (indirect question), I will tell what I know. Cic. Quaerāmus ubi mălěfícium est, Let us seek there (Ĭbi) where the crime is. Cic.

In the first and third examples, quod scntio and ùbi-est are not questions, but relative clauses; id is understood as the antecedent of quod, and ibi as the antecedent or correlative of ŭbi; but in the second example, quid intelligam is an indirect question and the object of dicam : I will tell (what?) what I know, i. e., will answer that question.

2) From Direct Questions and Exclamations:

Quid agendum est? Nescio, What is to be done? I know not. Cic. Vide! quam conversa res est, See! how changed is the case. Cic.

6. INDICATIVE IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS.-The Indicative in Indirect Questions is sometimes used in the poets; especially in Plautus and Terence: Si měměrāre velim, quam fĭdēli ănimo fui, possum, If I wish to mention how much fidelity I showed, I am able. Ter.

7. QUESTIONS IN THE ORATIO OBLIQUA. See 530. II. 2.

526. SINGLE AND DOUBLE QUESTIONS.-Indirect questions, like those which are direct (346. II.), may be either single or double.

I. An Indirect Single Question is generally introduced by some interrogative word-either a pronoun, adjective, or adverb, or one of the particles ne, nonne, num. Here num does not imply negation:

Rogitat qui vir esset (481. IV.), He asked who he was. Liv. Epămînondas quaesivit, salvusne esset clipeus, Epaminondas inquired whether his shield was safe. Cic. Dŭbĭto num debeam, I doubt whether I ought. Plin. See also the examples under the Rule, 525.

II. An Indirect Double Question (whether-or) admits of two constructions:

1. It generally takes utrum or ne in the first member, and an in the second:

Quaeritur, virtus suamne propter dignitatem, an propter fructus ǎliquos expětatur, It is asked whether virtue is sought for its own worth, or for certain advantages. Cic.

2. But sometimes it omits the particle in the first member, and takes an or ne in the second. Other forms are rare:

Quaeritur, natūra an doctrina possit effici virtus, It is asked whether virtue can be secured by nature or by education. Cic. See also 346. 1. 1).