1. The Future Indicative is often thus used in consequence of its near relationship in force to the Subjunctive, as whatever is Future is more or less contingent. See first example.

2. The Historical tenses, especially the Pluperfect, are sometimes used, for effect, to represent as an actual fact something which is shown by the context never to have become fully so, as in the last example.

3. Conditional sentences made up partly of the second form (509) and partly of the third are rare.

512. SUBJUNCTIVE AND INDICATIVE.-The combination of the Subjunctive in the Condition with the Indicative in the Conclusion is often only apparent. Thus

1. When the truth of the conclusion is not in reality affected by the condition, as when si has the force of even if, although:

Si hoc plăceat, tămen volunt, Even if (although) this pleases them, they still wish. Cic.

2. When that which stands as the conclusion is such only in appearance, the real conclusion being understood. This occurs

1) With the Indicative of Debeo, Possum, and the like:

Quem, si ulla in te piětas esset, colère dēbēbas, Whom you ought to have honored (and would have honored), if there were any filial affection in you. Cic. Dēlēri exercitus potuit, si persĕcūti victōres essent, The army might have been destroyed (and would have been), if the victors had pursued. Liv.

2) With the Imperfect and Perfect Indicative of other verbs, especially if in a periphrastic conjugation or accompanied by Paene or Pròpe :

Rělictūri agros ĕrant, nisi litteras misisset, They were about to leave their lands (and would have done so), had he not sent a letter. Cic. Pons ĭter paene hostibus dědit, ni ūnus vir fuisset, The bridge almost furnished a passage to the enemy (and would have done so), had there not been one man. Liv.

513. RELATIVE INVOLVING CONDITION.-The relative takes the subjunctive when it is equivalent to si or dum with the subjunctive:

Errat longe, qui credat, etc., He greatly errs who supposes, etc., i. e., if or provided any one supposes, he greatly errs. Ter. Haec qui videat, cōgatur, If any one should see these things, he would be compelled. Cic.

V. SUBJUNCTIVE IN CONCESSIONS.

514. A concessive clause is one which concedes or admits something, generally introduced in English by though or although:

Quamquam intelligunt, though they understand. Cic.

RULE XLII.-Subjunctive of Concession.

515. The Subjunctive of Concession is used,

I. With licet, quamvis, quantumvis,-ut, ne, quum, although: Licet irrideat, plus tămen ratio valebit, Though he may deride, reason will yet avail more. Cic. Ut-dēsint vires, tămen est laudanda võluntas, Though the strength fails, still the will should be approved. Ovid.

II. With qui quum (licet) is, quum ego, etc., though he:

Absolvite Verrem, qui (quum is) se făteātur pècūnias cēpisse, Acquit Verres, though he confesses (who may confess) that he has accepted money. Cic.

III. Generally with etsi, tămetsi, ětiamsi:

Quod sentiunt, etsi optimum sit, tămen non audent dicere, They do not dare to state what they think, even if (though) it be most excellent. Cic.

516. Concessive Clauses may be divided into three classes:

I. Concessive Clauses with quamquam in the best prose generally take the Indicative:

Quamquam intelligunt, tămen nunquam dicunt, Though they understand, they never speak. Cic.

1. The Subjunctive may of course follow quamquam, whenever the thought itself, irrespective of the concessive character of the clause, requires that mood (485).

2. The Subjunctive, even in the best prose, sometimes occurs with quamquam where we should expect the Indicative: Quamquam ne id quidem suspicionem habuĕrit, Though not even that gave rise to any suspicion. Cic.

3. In poetry and some of the later prose, the subjunctive with quamquam is not uncommon. In Tacitus it is the prevailing construction.

4. Quamquam and etsi sometimes have the force of yet, but yet, and yet: Quamquam quid loquor, And yet what do I say? Cic.

II. Concessive Clauses with licet, quamvis, quantumvis, -ut, ne, quum, although ;--qui quum (or licet) is, ego, tu, etc., take the Subjunctive :

=

Non tu possis, quantumvis excellas, You would not be able, however much (although) you excel. Cic. Ne sit summum mălum dolor, mălum certe est, Though pain may not be the greatest evil, it is certainly an evil. Cic. See 518. I. UT AND NE. This concessive use of ut and ne may readily be explained by supplying some verb like fac or sine: thus, ut désint vires (515. I.) = fac or sine ut désint vīres, make or grant that strength fails. See 489. The Concessive Particle is sometimes omitted:

Sed hǎbeat, tămen, But grant that it has it, yet. Cic.

UT-SIC or ITA, as-so, though-yet, does not require the subjunctive.

2. QUAMVIS AND QUANTUMVIS.-These are strictly adverbs, in the sense of however much, but they generally give to the clause the force of a concession. When used with their simple adverbial force to qualify adjectives, they do not affect the mood of the clause: quamvis multi, however many.

3. MOOD WITH QUAMVIS.-In Cicero and the best prose, quamvis takes the Subjunctive almost without exception, generally also in Livy and Nepos; but in the poets and later prose writers it often admits the Indicative :

Erat dignitāte rēgia, quamvis cārēbat nōmine, Пe was of royal dignity, though he was without the name. Nep.

4. RELATIVE IN CONCESSIONS.-The relative denoting concession is equivalent to licet, or quum, in the sense of though, with a Demonstrative or Personal pronoun, and takes the Subjunctive for the same reason: qui (quum) is, licet ego, tu, etc. See examples under the Rule, 515.

= licet

III. Concessive Clauses with the compounds of SI: etsi, ětiamsi, tămetsi in the use of Moods and Tenses conform to the rule for conditional clauses with si:

Etsi nihil habeat in se glōria, tămen virtutem sequitur, Though glory may not possess anything in itself, yet it follows virtue. Cic. Etiamsi mors oppětenda esset, even if death ought to be met. Cic.

VI. SUBJUNCTIVE OF CAUSE AND TIME.

RULE XLIII.—Subjunctive of Cause.

517. The Subjunctive of Cause or Reason is used,

I. With quum (cum), since; qui = quum is, etc.:

Quum vīta mětus plēna sit, since life is full of fear. Cic. Quae quum ita sint, perge, Since these things are so, proceed. Cic. O vis vērĭtātis, quae (quum ea) se defendat, O the force of truth, since it defends itself. Cic. II. With quod, quia, quoniam, quando, to introduce a reason on another's authority:

Socrates accusatus est, quod corrumpĕret juventutem, Socrates was accused, because (on the alleged ground that) he corrupted the youth. Quint.

Causal Clauses with Quum and Qui.

518. QUUM.-Quum takes the Subjunctive when it denotes,

I. CAUSE or CONCESSION:

Quum sint in nobis ratio, prudentia, since there is in us reason and prudence. Cic. Phocion fuit pauper, quum dīvĭtissimus esse posset, Phocion was poor, though he might have been very rich. Nep. See also 515.

II. TIME with the accessory notion of CAUSE or CON

CESSION:

Quum dimicaret, occisus est, When he engaged battle, he was slain. Nep. Zēnōnem, quum Athēnis essem, audiēbam frequenter, I often heard Zeno, when I was at Athens. Cic.

1. QUUM IN NARRATION.-Quum with the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive is very frequent in narration even in temporal clauses. See examples under II. above.

This use of Quum with the Subjunctive may in most instances be readily explained by the fact that it involves Cause as well as Time. Thus quum dimicāret, in the first example, not only states the time of the action-occisus est, but also its cause or occasion: the engagement was the occasion of his death. So with quum essem, as presence in Athens was an indispensable condition of hearing Zeno. But in some instances the notion of Cause or Concession is not at all apparent.

2. QUUM WITH TEMPUS, ETC.-Quum with the Subjunctive is sometimes used to characterize a period :

Id saeculum quum plēna Graecia poētārum esset, that age when (such that) Greece was full of poets. Cic. Erit tempus, quum dēsīdĕres, the time will come, when you will desire. Cic. So without tempus, etc.: Fuit quum arbitrarer, there was (a time) when I thought. Cic.

3. QUUM WITH INDICATIVE.-Quum denoting time merely, with perhaps a few exceptions in narration, takes the Indicative:

Quum quiescunt, probant, While they are quiet, they approve. Cic. Paruit, quum necesse erat, He obeyed when it was necessary. Cic.

519. QUI, CAUSE OR REASON.-A Relative clause de noting cause or reason, is equivalent to a Causal clause with Quum, and takes the Subjunctive for the same reason:

O fortunate ǎdolescens, qui (quum tu) tuae virtutis Homerum praecōnem inveneris, O fortunate youth, since you (lit. who) have obtained Homer as the herald of your valor. Cic.

1. EQUIVALENTS.-In such clauses, qui is equivalent to quum ego, quum tu, quum is, etc.

2. INDICATIVE.-When the statement is to be viewed as a fact rather than as a reason, the Indicative is used:

Hǎbeo senectuti gratiam, quae mihi sermonis ǎvidĭtātem auxit, I cherish gratitude to old age, which has increased my love of conversation. Cic.

3. QUI WITH CONJUNCTIONS.-When a conjunction accompanies the relative, the mood varies with the conjunction. Thus,

1) The Subjunctive is generally used with quum, quippe, ut, utpote : Quae quum ita sint, since these things are so. Cic. Quippe qui blandiatur, since he flatters. Cic. Ut qui colōni essent, since they were colonists. Cic. But the Indicative is sometimes used to give prominence to the fact.

2) The Indicative is generally used with quia, quòniam :

Quae quia certa esse non possunt, since these things cannot be sure. Cic. Qui quoniam intelligi nōluit, since he did not wish to be understood. Cic,

Causal Clauses with Quod, Quia, Quoniam, Quando.

520. Quod, quia, quòniam, and quando generally take, I. The INDICATIVE to assign a reason positively on one's own authority:

Quoniam supplĭcātio decrēta est, since a thanksgiving has been decreed. Cic. Gaude quod spectant te, Rejoice that (because) they behold you. Hor.

II. The SUBJUNCTIVE to assign a reason doubtfully, or on another's authority:

Aristides nonne expulsus est patria, quod justus esset, Was not Aristides banished because (on the alleged ground that) he was just? Cic.

1. QUOD WITH DICO, ETC.-Dico and puto are often in the Subjunctive instead of the verb depending upon them:

Quod se bellum gestūros dicèrent = quod bellum gestūri essent, ut dicē. bant, because they were about, as they said, to wage war. Caes.

2. CLAUSES WITH QUOD UNCONNECTED. See 554. IV.

3. NON QUO, ETC.-—Non quo, non quod, non quin, rarely non quia, also quam quod, etc., are used with the Subjunctive to denote that something was not the true reason:

Non quo haberem quod scrîběrem, not because (that) I had anything to write. Cic. Non quod doleant, not because they are pained. Cic. Quia něquivĕrat quam quod ignōrāret, because he had been unable, rather than because he did not know. Liv.

4. POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVE. See 485 and 486.

RULE XLIV.-Time with Cause.

521. The Subjunctive of Time with the accessory notion of Cause or Purpose is used,

I. With dum, dōnec, quoad, until:

Exspectas dum dicat, You are waiting till he speaks, i. e., that he may speak. Cic. Ea continebis quoad te videam, You will keep them till I see you. Cic.

II. With antequam, priusquam, before, before that:

Antequam de re publica dicam, expōnam consilium, I will set forth my plan before I (can) speak of the republic, i. e., preparatory to speaking of the republic. Cic. Priusquam incipias, before you begin. Sall.

1. EXPLANATION.-Here the temporal clause involves purpose as well as time: dum dicat is nearly equivalent to ut dicat, which is also often used after exspecto. Antequam dicam is nearly equivalent to ut postea dicam: I will set forth my views, that I may afterwards speak of the republic.