stat, quo die, The day is at hand, on which day. Caes. Cumae, quam urbem těněbant, Cumae, which city they held. Liv.

9. ANTECEDENT ATTRACTED.--In Poetry, rarely in prose, the antecedent is sometimes attracted into the case of the relative; and sometimes incorporated in the relative clause in the same case as the relative:

Urbem quam stătuo, vestra est, The city which I am building is yours. Virg. Mălarum, quas ǎămor cūras håbet, oblivisci (for malārum curārum quas), to forget the wretched cares which love has. Hor.

I. PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

446. The Nominative of Personal Pronouns is used only for emphasis or contrast:

Significamus, quid sentiamus, We show what we think. Cic. Ego rēges ejeci, vos tyrannos intrōdūcītis, I have banished kings, you introduce tyrants. Cic.

1. With quidem the pronoun is usually expressed, and then the third person is supplied by hic, is, ille, which are then often redundant: tu quidem, you indeed, ille quidem, he indeed. Quidem adds emphasis; équidem = čgo quidem.

2. The writer sometimes speaks of himself in the plural, using nos for ego, noster for meus, and the plural verb for the singular.

8. For Nostrum and Vestrum, see 396. 1.

447. Possessive Pronouns, when not emphatic, are seldom expressed, if they can be supplied from the context: Mănus lava, Wash your hands. Cic. Mihi mea vita cara est, My life is dear to me. Plaut.

For Possessive with Genitive in the sense of own, see 397. 3.

Reflexive use of Pronouns.

448. Sui and Suus have a reflexive sense (himself, etc.); sometimes also the other Personal and Possessive pronouns, together with Is, Ille, and Ipse:

Se diligit, He loves himself. Cic. Sua vi movetur, He is moved by his own power. Cic. Me consōlor, I console myself. Cic. Persuadent Tulingis ǎti cum iis proficiscantur, They persuade the Tulingi to depart with them. Caes.

1. Inter nos, inter vos, inter se, have a reciprocal force, each other, one another, together; but instead of inter se, the noun may be repeated in an oblique case:

Colloquimur inter nos, We converse together. Cic. Amant inter se, They love one another. Cic. Homines hominibus utiles sunt, Men are useful to men, i. c., to each other. Cic.

449. Sui and Suus generally refer to the Subject of the clause in which they stand:

Se diligit, He loves himself. Cic. Justitia propter sese colenda est, Justice should be cultivated for its own sake. Cic. Annŭlum suum dědit, He gave his ring. Nep.

1. In SUBORDINATE CLAUSES expressing the sentiment of the principal subject, Sui and Suus generally refer to that subject:

Sentit ănĭmus se vi sua mŏvēri, The mind perceives that it is moved by its own power. Cic. A me pětivit ut secum essem, He asked (from) me to he with him (that I would be). Cic. Pervestigat quid sui cives cogitent, He tries to ascertain what his fellow citizens think. Cic.

1) As Sui and Suus thus refer to subjects, the demonstratives, Is, Ille, etc., gen · erally refer either to other words, or to subjects, which do not admit sui and suus. Deum agnoscis ex ejus õpĕribus, You recognize a god by (from) his works. Cic. Obligat civitatem nihil eos mūtātūros, He binds the state not to change anything (that they will). Just.

2) In some subordinate clauses the writer may at pleasure use either the Reflexive or the Demonstrative, according as he wishes to present the thought as that of the principal subject, or as his own. Thus in the last example under 448, cum iis is the proper language for the writer without reference to the sentiment of the principal subject; sēcum, which would be equally proper, would present the thought as the sentiment of that subject.

3) Sometimes the Reflexive occurs where we should expect the Demonstrative, and the Demonstrative where we should expect the Reflexive.

2. SUUS HIS OWN, ETC.-Suus in the sense of his own, fitting, etc., may refer to subject or object:

Justitia suum cuique tribuit, Justice gives to every man his due (his own). Cic.

3. CONSTRUCTION ACCORDING TO SENSE.-When the subject of the verb is not the real agent of the action, sui and suus refer to the latter:

A Cacsăre invitor sibi ut sim lēgātus, I am invited by Caesar (real agent) to be his lieutenant. Cic.

4. SUUS SUBSTANTIVELY.-The Plural of Suus used substantively—his, their friends, possessions, etc.-is used with great freedom, often referring to oblique cases:

Fuit hoc luctuosum suis, This was afflicting to his friends. Cic. Here suis refers to an oblique case in the preceding sentence.

5. SUI and Suus sometimes refer to an omitted subject:

Deforme est de se praedicare, To boast of one's self is disgusting. Cic. 6. REFLEXIVES REFERRING TO DIFFERENT SUBJECTS.-Sometimes a clause has one reflexive referring to the principal subject, and another referring to the subordinate subject:

Respondit neminem secum sine sua pernicie contendisse, He replied that no one had contended with him without (his) destruction. Caes.

Here se refers to the subject of respondit and sua to něminem, the subject of the subordinate clause.

II. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

450. Hic, Iste, Ille, are often called respectively demonstratives of the First, Second, and Third Persons, as hic designates that which is near the speaker; iste, that which is near the person addressed, and ille, that which is remote from both, and near only to some third person.

Custos hujus urbis, the guardian of this city. Cic. Mūta istam mentem, Change that purpose of yours. Cic. Si illos negligis, if you disregard those. Cic.

1. HIC AND ILLE IN CONTRASTS.-Hic designates an object conceived as near, and ille as remote, whether in space or time:

Non antiquo illo mōre, sed hoc nostro fuit eruditus, He was educated, not in that ancient, but in this our modern way. Cic.

2. HIC AND ILLE, FORMER AND LATTER.-In reference to two objects previously mentioned, (1) Hic generally follows Ille and refers to the latter object, while Ille refers to the former; but (2) Hic refers to the more important object, and Ille to the less important:

Ignavia, labor: illa,hic; Indolence, labor : the former, the latter. Cels. Pax, victoria: haec (pax) in tua, illa in deōrum potestate est; Peace, victory: the former is in your power, the latter in the power of the gods. Liv.

3. Hic and Ille are often used of what immediately follows in discourse, and Iste sometimes indicates contempt: haec verba, these words, i. e., the following words; iste, that man, such a one.

4. Ille is often used of what is well known, famous :

Mēdēa illa, that well-known Medea. Cic.

1) Hic with or without homo, is sometimes equivalent to ego. Alone it is sometimes equivalent to meus or noster.

2) Hic, ille, and is are sometimes redundant, especially with quidem: Scipio non multum ille quidem dicebat, Scipio did not indeed say much. Cic. See 446. 1.

3) A Demonstrative or Relative is sometimes equivalent to a Genitive or a Prep. with its case: hic dolor = dolor hujus rei, grief on account of this; haec cura = cura de hoc, care concerning this.

451. Is and Idem refer to preceding nouns, or are the antecedents of relatives:

Dionysius aufugit: is est in provincia, Dionysius has fled: he is in the province. Cic. Is qui sǎtis habet, he who has enough. Cic. Eădem audire mälunt, They prefer to hear the same things. Liv.

1. Is is often omitted, especially before a relative or a genitive:

Flebat päter de filii morte, de patris filius, The father wept over the death of the son, the son over (that) of the father. Cic. See also 445. 6.

2. Is or Ipse with a Conjunction is often used for emphasis, like the English and that too, and that indeed:

DEMONSTRATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

209

Unam rem explicabo eamque maximam, One thing I will explain and that too a most important one. Cic.

Id thus used often refers to a clause or to the general thought, and et ipse is often best rendered, too or also: Audire Crătippum, idque Athenis, to hear Cratippus, and that too at Athens. Cic.

3. Idem is sometimes best rendered, also, yet:

Nihil utile, quod non idem honestum, Nothing useful, which is not also honorable. Cic. Quum dicat―něgat idem, Though he asserts-he yet denies (the same denies). Cic.

4. 18-qui = he-who, such-as, such-that:

Ii sumus, qui esse dēbēmus, We are such as we ought to be. Cic. Ea est gens quae nesciat, The race is such that it knows not. Liv.

5. Idem-qui; idem-ac, atque, quam, quảsi, ut, cum with Abl. = the samewho, the same-as:

Iidem mōres, qui, The same manners which or as. Cic. Est idem ac fuit, He is the same as he was. Ter.

6. Is Reflexive. See 448.

452. Ipse adds emphasis, generally rendered self:

Ipse Caesar, Caesar himself. Cic. Fac ut te ipsum custōdias, See that you guard yourself. Cic.

1. IPSE WITH SUBJECT.-Ipse belongs to the emphatic word, whether subject or object, but with a preference for the subject:

Me ipse consōlor, I myself (not another) console myself. Cic.

2. IPSE, VERY.-Ipse is often best rendered by very:

Ipse ille Gorgias, that very Gorgias. Cic.

3. With Numerals Ipse has the force of-just so many, just:

Triginta dies ipsi, just thirty days. Cic.

4. Ipse in the Genitive with possessives has the force of own, one's own:

Nostra ipsōrum ămicitia, Our own friendship. Cic. See 397. 3.

5. Ipse Reflexive, sometimes supplies the place of an emphatic sui or suus: Legatos misit qui ipsi vītam pětèrent, He sent messengers to ask life for himself. Sall.

III. RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

453. The relative is often used where the English idiom requires a demonstrative or personal pronoun; sometimes even at the beginning of a sentence:

Res loquitur ipsa; quae semper vålet; The fact itself speaks, and this (which) ever has weight. Cic. Qui proelium committunt, They engage batile. Caes. Quae quum ita sint, since these things are so. Cic.

1. RELATIVE WITH DEMONSTRATIVE.--Relatives and Demonstratives are often correlatives to each other: hic-qui, iste-qui, etc. These combinations generally retain the ordinary force of the separate words, but see is -qui, idem-qui, 451. 4 and 5.

1) Quicunque and Quisquis, whoever, whatever, sometimes have the force of every by the ellipsis of fieri potest: quăcunque rătiōne, in every way, i. e., in whatever way it is possible.

2. A DEMONSTRATIVE may supply the place of a Relative when otherwise two relative clauses would be brought together:

Quae nec hǎbērēmus nec his útěrémur, Which we should neither have nor use. Cic.

1) A Relative Clause with is is often equivalent to a substantive: ii qui audiunt = auditores, hearers.

3. TWO RELATIVES Sometimes occur in the same clause:

Artes quas qui těnent, arts, whose possessors (which, who possess). Cic. 4. A RELATIVE CLAUSE is sometimes equivalent to Pro with the Abl.: Quae tua prudentia est = qua es prūdentia = pro tua prudentia = such is your prudence, or you are of such prudence, or in accordance with your prudence, etc.: Spēro, quae tua prūdentia est, te vălēre, I hope you are well, such is your prudence (which is, etc.).

5. RELATIVE WITH ADJECTIVE.-Adjectives belonging in sense to the antecedent, sometimes stand in the relative clause in agreement with the relative, especially comparatives, superlatives, and numerals:

Vasa, quae pulcherrima viděrat, the most beautiful vessels which he had seen (vessels, which the most beautiful he had seen). Cic. De servis suis, quem habuit fidelissimum, misit, He sent the most faithful of the slaves which he had. Nep.

6. Quod Expletive, or apparently so, often stands at the beginning of a sentence, especially before ni, nisi, etsi, and sometimes before quia, quòniam, útínam, etc. In translating it is sometimes omitted, and sometimes rendered by now, but, and : Quod si ceciderint, if or but if they should fall. Cic.

7. Qui dicitur, qui võcătur, or the corresponding active quem dicunt, quem rocant, are often used in the sense of so called, the so called, what they or you call, etc.:

Vestra quae dicitur vita, mors est, Your 80 called life (lit. your, which is called life) is death. Cic. Lex ista quam võcas non est lex, That law as you call it, is not a law. Cic.

IV. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

454. The Interrogative quis, is used substantively; qui, adjectively:

Quis ego sum, Who am I? Cic. Quid faclet, What will he do? Cic. Qui vir fuit, What kind of a man was he? Cic.

1. QUIS AND QUI.-Occasionally quis is used adjectively and qui substantively: Quis rex unquam fuit, What king was there ever? Cic. Qui sis, considera, Consider who you are. Cic.

2. QUID, why, how is it that, etc., is often used adverbially (380. 2), or stands apparently unconnected, by the ellipsis of propter or a verb: Quid enim, why then? what indeed (est or dicam)? Quid quod, what of the fact that?

3. TWO INTERROGATIVES sometimes occur in the same clause:

Quis quem fraudavit, who defrauded, and whom did he defraud (lit. who defrauded whom)? Cic.

4. ATTRACTION.--The interrogative often agrees with the predicate noun: Quam (for quid) dicam võluptatem vidētis, You see what I call pleasure. Cic.