dissimilis, assimilis, consimilis, par and dispar, especially to express likeness in character; (3) with adjectives used substantively, sometimes even in the superlative; (4) sometimes with affinis, ălienus, insuētus, and a few others:

Populi Romani est propria libertas, Liberty is characteristic of the Roman people. Cic. Alexandri similis, like Alexander, i. e., in character. Cic. Dispar sui, unlike itself. Cic. Cujus păres, like whom. Cic. Amicissimus hominum, the best friend of the men, i. e., the most friendly to them. Cic.

3. Idem occurs with the Dative, especially in the poets:

Idem făcit occidenti, He does the same as kill, or as he who kills. Hor. 4. For the GENItive and Dative with an adjective, see 399. 6.

III. DATIVE WITH DERIVATIVE NOUNS AND ADVERBS.

RULE XV.-Dative.

392. A few Derivative Nouns and Adverbs take the Dative after the analogy of their primitives :

I. VERBAL NOUNS.-Justitia est obtemperatio legibus, Justice is obedience to laws. Cic. Sibi responsio, replying to himself. Cic. Opulento homini servitus dūra est, Serving a rich man (servitude to) is hard. Plaut.

II. ADVERBS.-Congruenter nātūrae vivĕre, to live in accordance with nature. Cic. Sibi constanter dicere, to speak consistently with himself. Cic. Proxime hostium castris, next to the camp of the enemy. Caes.

1. DATIVE WITH NOUNS.-Nouns construed with the Dative are derived from verbs which govern the Dative. With other nouns the Dative is generally best explained as dependent upon some verb, expressed or understood:

Těgimenta găleis milites făcere jubet, He orders the soldiers to make coverings for their helmets. Caes. Here galeis is probably the indirect object of facère and not dependent upon tegimenta. In conspectum vēnĕrat hostibus, He had come in sight of the enemy. Caes. Here hostibus is dependent not upon conspectum, but upon venerat; the action, coming in sight, is conceived of as done to the enemy. See 398. 5.

2. DATIVE WITH ADVERBS.-A few adverbs not included in the above rule occur with the Dative: huic una -úna cum hoc, with him.

SECTION VI.

GENITIVE.

393. The Genitive in its primary meaning denotes source or cause, but in its general use, it corresponds to the English possessive, or the objective with of, and expresses various adjective relations.

1. But sometimes, especially when Objective (396, II.), the Genitive is best rendered by to, for, from, in, on account of, etc. :

Běněficii gratia, gratitude for a favor. Cic. Lăbōrum fŭga, escape from labors. Cic.

394. The Genitive is used

I. With Nouns.

II. With Adjectives.

III. With Verbs.

IV. With Adverbs.

I. GENITIVE WITH NOUNS.

RULE XVI.-Genitive.

395. Any Noun, not an Appositive, qualifying the meaning of another noun, is put in the Genitive:

Cătōnis ōrātiōnes, Cato's orations. Cic. Castra hostium, the camp of the enemy. Liv. Mors Hămilcăris, the death of Hamilcar. Liv. Deum mětus, the fear of the gods. Liv. Vir consilii magni, a man of great prudence. Caes. See 363.

396. Varieties of Genitive with Nouns.-The principal varieties of the Genitive are the following:

I. The SUBJECTIVE GENITIVE designates the subject or agent of the action, feeling, etc., including the author and possessor:

Serpentis morsus, the bite of the serpent. Cic. Păvor Numidarum, the fear of the Numidians. Liv. Xenophontis libri, the books of Xenophon. Cic. Fanum Neptūni, the temple of Neptune. Nep.

II. The OBJECTIVE GENITIVE designates the object toward which the action or feeling is directed:

Amor gloriae, the love of glory. Cic. Memoria mălōrum, the recollection of sufferings. Cic. Deum mětus, the fear of the gods. Liv.

III. The PARTITIVE GENITIVE designates the whole of which a part is taken :

Quis vestrum, which of you? Cic. Vitae pars, a part of life. Cic. Omnium săpientissimus, the wisest of all men. Cic.

1. NOSTRUM and VESTRUM.-AS partitive genitives, nostrum and vestrum are generally used instead of nostri and vestri.

2. USE.-The Partitive Genitive is used

1) With pars, nēmo, nihil; nouns of quantity, number, weight, etc.: modius, legio, tulentum, and any nouns used partitively:

Equōrum pars, a part of the horses. Liv. Mědimnum tritici, a bushel of wheat. Cic. Pěcūniae tălentum, a talent of money. Nep. Quōrum Caius, of whom Caius. Cic.

2) With Numerals used Substantively:

Quōrum quattuor, four of whom. Liv. Săpientum octavus, the eighth of the wise men. Hor.

(1) But the Genitive should not be used when the two words refer to the same number of objects, even though of be used in English: Vivi qui (not quōrum) duo supersunt, the living, of whom two survive. Cic.

3) With Pronouns and Adjectives used substantively, especially (1) with hic, ille, quis, qui, alter, ùter, neuter, etc.; (2) with comparatives and superlatives; (3) with neuters: hoc, id, illud, quid; multum, plus, plūrìmum, minus, minimum, tantum, quantum, etc.; (4) with omnes and cuncti, rarely:

Quis vestrum, which of you? Cic. Consŭlum alter, one of the consuls. Liv. Prior hōrum, the former of these. Nep. Gallōrum fortissimi, the bravest of the Gauls. Caes. Id temporis, that (of) time. Cic. Multum Ŏpěrae, much (of) service. Cic. Hominum cuncti, all of the men. Ovid. But omnes and cuncti generally agree with their nouns: Omnes homines, all men. Cic.

Pronouns and Adjectives, except neuters, when used with the Part. Gen. take the gender of the Gen. unless they agree directly with some other word; see Consŭlum alter above.

4) With a few Adverbs used substantively; (1) with adverbs of Quantity-abunde, affătim, nimis, părum, partim, quoad, satis, etc.; (2) with adverbs of Place-hic, huc, nusquam, ubi, etc.; (3) with adverbs of Extent, degree, etc.-eo, huc, quo; (4) with superlatives:

Armōrum affătim, abundance of arms. Liv. Lūcis nĭmis, too much (of) light. Ovid. Săpientiae părum, little (of) wisdom. Sall. Partim cōpiārum, a portion of the forces. Liv. Quoad ejus făcere potest, as far as (as much of it as) he is able to do. Cic. Nusquam gentium, nowhere in the world. Cic. Huc arrogantiae, to this degree of insolence. Tac. Maxime omnium, most of all. Cic.

3. Luci and locōrum occur as partitive genitives in expressions of time:

Interea loci, in the mean time. Ter. Adhuc locorum, hitherto. Plaut. 4. For id genus = ejus generis, secus, libra, etc., see 380. 2.

5. For Predicate Genitive, see 401.

IV. The GENITIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC designates character or quality, including value, price, size, weight, age, etc.

Vir maximi consilii, a man of very great prudence. Nep. Mītis ingenii jŭvěnis, a youth of mild disposition. Liv. Vestis magni prětii, a garment of great value. Cic. Exsilium děcem annōrum, an exile of ten years. Nep. Corōna parvi ponderis, a crown of small weight. Liv. See 402, III. 1.

1. A noun designating character or quality may be either in the Gen. or in the Abl. See 428.

1) But it must be accompanied by an adjective, numeral, or pronoun, unless it be a compound containing such modifier; as hujusmodi = hujus modi: tridui, from tres dies; bidui, from duo (bis) dies. With tridui and bidui, via or spatium is sometimes omitted: Abĕrant bidui, They were two days' journey distant. Cic.

V. The GENITIVE OF SPECIFICATION has the general force of an Appositive (363):

Virtus continentiae, the virtue of self-control. Cic. Verbum võluptătis, the word (of) pleasure. Cic. Oppidum Antiochiae, the city of Antioch. Cic. Tellus Ausoniae, the land of Ausonia. Virg.

397. Peculiarities.-We notice the following:

1. The GOVERNING WORD is often omitted. Thus

Aedes, templum, discipulus, homo, jŭvěnis, puer, etc.; causa, grātia, and indeed any word when it can be readily supplied:

Ad Jovis (sc. aedem), near the temple of Jupiter. Liv. Hannibal annōrum novem (sc. puer), Hannibal a boy nine years of age. Liv. Nāves sui commodi (causa) fecerat, He had built vessels for his own advantage. Caes. Conferre vitam Trēbonii cum Dolabellae (sc. vīta), to compare the life of Trebonius with that of Dolabella. Cic.

1) The governing word is generally omitted when it has been expressed before another Gen. as in the last example; and then the second Gen. is sometimes attracted into the case of the governing word: Natūra hominis bēluis (for beluārum natūrae) antecedit, The nature of man surpasses (that of) the brutes. Cic.

2) In many cases where we supply son, daughter, husband, wife, the ellipsis is only apparent, the Gen. depending directly on the proper noun expressed:

Hasdrubal Giscōnis, Gisco's Hasdrubal, or Hasdrubal the son of Gisco. Liv. Hectoris Andrŏmăche, Hector's Andromache, or Andromache the wife of Hector. Virg.

2. Two GENITIVES are sometimes used with the same noungenerally one Subjective and one Objective:

Memmii ŏdium potentiae, Memmius's hatred of power. Sall.

3. GENITIVE AND POSSESSIVE.-A Genitive sometimes accompanies a Possessive, especially the Gen. of ipse, sōlus, ūnus, omnis :

Tua ipsius ǎmīcītia, your own friendship. Cic. Meum sōlīus peccatum, my fault alone. Cic. Nōmen meum absentis, my name while absent. Cic. Here ipsius agrees with tui (of you) involved in tua; solius and absentis, with mei (of me) involved in meum.

=

398. Other Constructions-for the Genitive occur.

1. ABLATIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC. See 428.

2. An ADJECTIVE is sometimes used for the Genitive:

Bellica gloria = belli glōria, the glory of war. Cic. Conjux Hectores conjux Hectoris, the wife of Hector. Virg.

3. The POSSESSIVE is regularly used for the Subjective Gen. of Personal pronouns, rarely for the Objective:

Mea domus, my house. Cic. Fāma tua, your fame. Cic.

4. CASE WITH PREPOSITION.-A case with a preposition may be used for the Gen.; especially, 1) For the Objective Genitive, the Accusative with in, erga, adversus:-2) For the Partitive Genitive, the Accusative with inter, ante, ǎpud, or the Ablative with ex, de, in:

Odium in hominum genus, hatred of or towards the race of men. Cic. Erga vos amor, love towards you. Cic. Inter rēges õpůlentissimus, the most wealthy of (among) kings. Sen. Unus ex viris, one of the heroes. Cic.

5. A DATIVE depending on the VERB is sometimes used, instead of the Genitive depending on a noun :

Urbi fundamenta jăcère, to lay the foundations of (for) the city. Liv. Caesări ad pedes projĭcère, to cast at the feet of Caesar, i. e., before Caesar at his feet. Caes. See 392. 1.

1) The two constructions, the Gen. and the Case with Prep., are sometimes combined in the same sentence.

II. GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES.

RULE XVII.-Genitive.

399. Many Adjectives take a Genitive to complete their meaning:

Avĭdus laudis, desirous of praise. Cic. Otii cupidus, desirous of leisure. Liv. Amans sui virtus, virtue fond of itself. Cic. Efficiens võluptātis, productive of pleasure. Cic. Glōriae měmor, mindful of glory. Liv.

1. FORCE OF THIS GENITIVE.—The genitive here retains its usual force-of, in respect of-and may be used after adjectives which admit this relation.

2. ADJECTIVES WITH THE GENITIVE.-The most common are

1) Verbals in ax and participles in ans and ens used adjectively:

Virtūtum fĕrax, productive of virtues. Liv. Těnax prōposĭti, tenacious (steadfast) of purpose. Hor. Amans patriae, loving (fond of) his country. Cic. Fugiens lăbōris, shunning labor. Caes.

2) Adjectives denoting desire, knowledge, skill, recollection, participation, mastery, fulness, and their contraries:

(1) DESIRE, AVERSION-ăvidus, cupidus, studiōsus; fastīdiōsus, etc.; sometimes aemulus and invidus, which also take the Dative:

Contentionis cupidus, desirous of contention. Cic. Săpientiae studiōsus, studious of (student of) wisdom. Cic.

(2) Knowledge, SKILL, RECOLLECTION with their contraries—gnārus,