himself the champion of liberty. Cic. Flaccum habuit collēgam, He had Flaccus as colleague. Nep.

1. PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE.-One of the two accusatives is the Direct Object, and the other an essential part of the Predicate. The latter may be called a Predicate Accusative. See 362. 2. (2).

2. VERBS WITH PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE.-The verbs which most frequently admit a Direct Object with a Predicate Accusative are verbs of

1) Making, electing: făcio, efficio, reddo,-creo, ēlīgo, designo, declaro.

2) Calling, regarding: appello, nōmino, voco, dico,-arbitror, existimo, dūco, jūdico, habeo, puto.

3) Showing: praesto, praebeo, exhibeo.

3. ADJECTIVE AS PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE.-The Predicate Accusative may be either Substantive or Adjective:

Homines caecos reddit ǎvaritia, Avarice renders men blind. Cic.

4. PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION.-In the Passive these verbs take two Nominatives, a Subject and Predicate, corresponding to the two Accusatives of the Active:

Servius rex est déclārātus, Servius was declared king. Liv. See 862. 2. 2.) RULE VII.-Two Accusatives-Person and Thing. 374. Some verbs of ASKING, DEMANDING, TEACHING, and CONCEALING, admit two Accusatives in the Active, and one in the Passive:

Me sententiam rogavit, He asked me my opinion. Cic. Ego sententiam rogātus sum, I was asked my opinion. Cic. Philosophia nos res omnes docuit, Philosophy has taught us all things. Cic. Artes edoctus fuěrat, He had been taught the arts. Liv. Non te cēlāvi sermōnem, I did not conceal from you the conversation. Cic.

1. PERSON AND THING.-One accusative generally designates the person, the other the thing: with the Passive the accusative of the Person becomes the subject and the accusative of the thing is retained: see examples.

2. VERBS WITH TWO ACCUSATIVES.-Those most frequently so used are

1) Regularly: cēlo-dŏceo, ēdŏceo, dědŏceo.

2) Sometimes: ōro, exōro, rogo, interrogo, percontor, flāgĭto, posco, reposco.

3. OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS also occur:

1) Celo: Ablative with a preposition:

Me de hoc libro cēlāvit, He kept me ignorant of this book. Cic. Passive: Accus. of Neuter pronoun or Abl. with de: Hoc cēlāri, to be kept ignorant of this. Ter. Celari de consilio, to be kept ignorant of the plan. Cic. The Dative is rare: Id Alcibiădi cēlāri non potuit, This could not be concealed from Alcibiades. Nep.

2) Verbs of Teaching: Ablative with or without a preposition :

De sua re me docet; He informs me in regard to his case. Cic. Socratem fidibus docuit, He taught Socrates (with) the lyre. Cic.

3) Verbs of Asking, Demanding: Ablative with a preposition :

Hoc a me poscère, to demand this from me. Cic. Te iisdem de rebus interrogo, I ask you in regard to the same things. Cic.

4) Pěto, postulo, and quaero take the Ablative of the person with a preposition :

Pācem a Romānis pětiērunt, They asked peace from the Romans. Caes.

4. INFINITIVE or CLAUSE as Accusative of thing:

Te săpĕre docet, He teaches you to be wise. Cic.

5. A NEUTER PRONOUN or ADJECTIVE as a second accusative occurs with many verbs which do not otherwise take two accusatives:

Hoc te hortor, I exhort you to this, I give you this exhortation. Cic. Ea monemur, We are admonished of these things. Cic.

6. COMPOUND VERBS.-A few compounds of trans, circum, ad, and in admit two accusatives, dependent the one upon the verb, the other upon the preposition :

Ibērum copias trajecit, He led his forces across the Ebro. Liv.

In the Passive, not only these, but even other compounds sometimes admit an Accus. depending upon the preposition :

Virg.

Praetervěhor ostia Pantăgiae, I am carried by the mouth of the Pantagia.

7. POETIC ACCUSATIVE.-In poetry, rarely in prose, verbs of clothing, unclothing-induo, exuo, cingo, accingo, induco, etc.sometimes take in the Passive an accusative in imitation of the Greek:

Găleam induitur, He puts on his helmet. Virg. Inutile ferrum cingitur, He girds on his useless sword. Virg. Virgines longam indūtae vestem, maidens attired in long robes. Liv.

II. ACCUSATIVE AS SUBJECT OF INFINITIVE.

375. The Accusative is used as the Subject of an Infinitive; see 545:

Plătōnem ferunt in Ităliam venisse, They say that Plato came into Italy. Cic.

Platonem is the subject of venisse.

III. ACCUSATIVE IN AGREEMENT WITH AN ACCUSATIVE.

376. The Accusative in agreement with another Accusative is either a Predicate Noun or an Appositive:

Orestem se esse dixit, He said that he was Orestes. Cic. Apud Hērŏdotum, patrem historiae, in Herodotus, the father of history. Cic. See

362 and 363.

IV. ACCUSATIVE IN AN ADVERBIAL SENSE.

377. In an Adverbial sense the Accusative is used either with or without Prepositions.

1. WITH PREPOSITIONS. See 433.

2. WITHOUT PREPOSITIONS.-The Adverbial use of the Accusative without Prepositions is presented in the following rules.

RULE VIII.-Accusative of Time and Space.

378. DURATION OF TIME and EXTENT OF SPACE are expressed by the Accusative:

Rōmůlus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Romulus reigned thirtyseven years. Liv. Quinque millia passuum ambŭlāre, to walk five miles. Cic. Pědes octoginta distāre, to be eighty feet distant. Caes. Nix quattuor pedes alta, snow four feet deep. Liv. But

1. DURATION OF TIME is sometimes expressed by the Ablative or the Accusative with a Preposition :

1) By the Ablative: Pugnātum est hōris quinque, The battle was fought five hours. Caes.

2) By the Accusative with Preposition : Per annos viginti certātum est, The war was waged for twenty years. Liv.

2. DISTANCE is sometimes expressed by the Ablative:

Millibus passuum sex consedit, He encamped at the distance of six miles. Caes. Sometimes with a preposition: Ab millibus passuum duōbus, at the distance of two miles. Caes.

RULE IX.-Accusative of Limit.

379. The Name of a Town used as the Limit of motion is put in the Accusative:

Nuntius Romam rědit, The messenger returns to Rome. Liv. Plăto Tărentum venit, Plato came to Tarentum. Cic. Fugit Tarquinios, He fled to Tarquinii. Cic. But

1. The Accusative with Ad occurs:

1) In the sense of―to, toward, in the direction of, into the vicinity of : Tres sunt viae ad Mutinam, There are three roads to Mutina. Cic. Ad Zǎmam pervenit, He came to the vicinity of Zama. Sall.

2) In contrast with a or ab:

A Dianio ad Sinopen, from Dianium to Sinope. Cic.

2. Urbs or Oppidum with a Preposition:

Pervenit in oppidum Cirtam, He came into the town of Cirta. Sall.

3. Like Names of Towns are used

1) The Accusatives domum, domos, rus:

Scipio domum reductus est, Scipio was conducted home. Cic. Domos abducti, led to their homes. Liv. Rus évolare, to hasten into the country. Cic.

2) Sometimes the Accusative of names of Islands and Peninsulas: Latōna confugit Dēlum, Latona fled to Delos. Cic. Pervenit Chersonēsum, He went to the Chersonesus. Nep.

4. Names of Other Places used as the limit of motion are generally in the Accusative with a Preposition :

In Asiam rědit, He returns into Asia. Nep.

But the preposition is sometimes omitted before names of countries, and, in the poets, before names of nations and even before common nouns:

Aegyptum prōfugit, He fled to Egypt. Cic. Italiam venit, He came to Italy. Virg. Ibimus Afros, We shall go to the Africans. Virg. Lāvīnia venit lītŏra, He came to the Lavinian shores. Virg.

5. A Poetic Dative for the accusative with or without a preposition

occurs:

It clamor coelo (for ad coelum), The shout ascends to heaven. Virg.

RULE X-Accusative of Specification.

380. A Verb or Adjective may take an Accusative to define its application :

Căpîta vēlamur, We have our heads veiled (are veiled as to our heads). Virg. Nube hůměros ămictus, with his shoulders enveloped in a cloud, Hor. Miles fractus membra lăbōre, the soldier with limbs shattered with labor (broken as to his limbs). Hor. Aeneas os deo similis, Aeneas like a god in appearance. Virg.

1. In a strict sense, the Accusative of Specification generally specifies the part to which the action or quality particularly belongs. In this sense, it is mostly poetic, but occurs also in prose. See 429.

2. In a freer sense, this Accusative includes the adverbial use of partem, vicem, nihil, of id and genus in id temporis, id aetātis (at this time, age), id genus, omne genus, quod genus (for ejus generis, etc.), etc.; also of secus, libra and of many neuter pronouns and adjectives; hoc, illud, id, quid (454, 2), multum, summum, cētěra, reliqua, etc. In this sense, it is common in prose.

Maximam partem lacte vivunt, They live mostly (as to the largest part) upon milk. Caes. Nihil mōti sunt, They were not at all moved. Liv. Locus id temporis vacuus erat, The place was at this time vacant. Cic. Aliquid id genus scríběre, to write something of this kind. Cic. Quaerit, quid possint, He inquires how powerful they are. Caes. Quid věnis, Why do you come? V. ACCUSATIVE IN EXCLAMATIONS.

RULE XI.-Accusative in Exclamations.

381. The Accusative either with or without an Interjection may be used in Exclamations :

Heu me miserum, Ah me unhappy! Cic. Me misĕrum, Me miserable !1 Cic. O fallacem spem, O deceptive hope! Cic. Me caecum, Blind that 1 am! Cic. Pro deōrum fidem, In the name of the gods! Cic. But

1. An Adjective or Genitive generally accompanies this accusative, as in the examples.

2. O, eheu, heu are the Interjections most frequently used with the Accusative, though others occur.

3. Other Cases also occur in exclamations:

1) The Vocative-when an address as well as an exclamation is intended: Pro sancte Jupiter, O holy Jupiter. Cic. Infelix Dido, Unhappy Dido. Virg. 2) The Nominative-when the exclamation approaches the form of a statement: En dextra, Lo the right hand (there is, or that is the right hand)! Virg. Ecce tuae litterae, Lo your letter (comes)! Cic.

3) The Dative-to designate the person after hei, vae, and sometimes after ecce, en, hem.

Hei mihi, Woe to me. Virg. (lo here is to you = observe). Cic.

See 389. 2.

Vae tibi, Woe to you. Ter. Ecce tibi, Lo to you
En tibi, This for you (lo I do this for you). Liv.

SECTION V.

DATIVE.

382. The Dative is the Case of the Indirect Object, and is used

I. With Verbs.

II. With Adjectives.

III. With their Derivatives-Adverbs and Substantives.

I. DATIVE WITH VERBS.

383. INDIRECT OBJECT.-A verb is often attended by a noun designating the object indirectly affected by the action, that To or FOR which something is or is done. A noun thus used is called an Indirect Object.

RULE XII.-Dative with Verbs.

384. The INDIRECT OBJECT is put in the Dative:

I. With INTRANSITIVE and PASSIVE Verbs:

Tempori cedit, He yields to the time. Cic. Sibi timuěrant, They had feared for themselves. Caes. Lăbōri student, They devote themselves to labor. Caes. Mundus deo pāret, The world obeys God. Cic. Caesări supplicabo, I will supplicate Caesar.3 Cic. Nobis vīta dăta est, Life has

1 Milton, Par. Lost, iv. 73

2 Is subject to God.

3 Will make supplication to Caesar.