In his castris moritur, He dies (where?) in this camp. Liv. vénére, They assembled (when ?) in the spring. Liv. Vēre con 355. II. The PREDICATE NOUN is modified in the various ways specified for the subject (352). 356. III. The PREDICATE ADJECTIVE admits the following modifiers: I. An ADVERB: Sătis humilis est, He is sufficiently humble. Liv. II. A NOUN in an oblique case: 1. Genitive: Avīdi laudis fuērunt, They were lesirous of praise. Cic. 2. Dative: Omni aetati mors est communis, Death is common to every age. Cic. 3. Ablative: Digni sunt ămicitia, They are worthy of friendship. Cic. SECTION III. COMPLEX SENTENCES. 357. A Complex sentence differs from a Simple one only in taking a sentence or clause as one (or more) of its elements: I. A Sentence as an Element: “Cīvis Rōmānus sum" audiēbātur, “I am a Roman citizen" was heard. Cic. Aliquis dicat mihi: “Nulla hăbes vitia;" Some one may say to me, "Have you no faults?" Hor. 1. In the first example, an entire sentence-Civis Romānus sum—is used as the Subject of a new sentence; and in the second example, the sentence-Nulla habes vitia—is the Object of dicat. 2. Any sentence may be thus quoted and introduced without change of form as an element in a new sentence. II. A Clause as an Element: Trādītum est Hŏmērum caecum fuisse, That Homer was blind has been handed down by tradition. Cic. Qualis sit ǎnimus, ănimus nescit, The soul knows not what the soul is. Cic. 1. In these examples the clauses used as elements have undergone certain changes to adapt them to their subordinate rank. The clause Homērum caecum fuisse, the subject of traditum est, if used as an independent sentence, would be Homerus caecus fuit; and the clause Qualis sit animus, the object of nescit, would be Qualis est animus, What is the soul? 2. Forms of Subordinate Clauses. 1) Infinitive with Subject Accusative: Hoc majōres dícère audivi, I have heard that our ancestors said this. Cic. 2) Indirect Questions: Quid dies ferat, incertum est, What a day may bring forth is uncertain. Cic. 3) Relative Clauses: Sententia, quae tūtissima vidēbātur, The opinion which seemed the safest. Liv. 4) Clauses with Conjunctions: Mos est ut dicat, It is his custom to speak. Cic. Priusquam lucet, adsunt, They are present before it is light. Cic. 358. Infinitive Clauses sometimes drop their subjects: Diligi jucundum est, It is pleasant to be loved. Cic. Vivĕre est cōgìtare, To live is to think. Cic. See 545. 2. 359. Participles often supply the place of subordinate clauses. Plato scribens mortuus est, Plato died while writing, or while he was writing. Cic. See 576-578. SECTION IV. COMPOUND SENTENCES. 360. Compound sentences express two or more independent thoughts, and are of five varieties: I. COPULATIVE SENTENCES-in which two or more thoughts are presented in harmony with each other: Sol ruit et montes umbrantur, The sun descends and the mountains are shaded. Virg. II. DISJUNCTIVE SENTENCES-in which a choice between two or more thoughts is offered: Audendum est ǎliquid aut omnia pătienda sunt, Something must be risked or all things must be endured. Liv. III. ADVERSATIVE SENTENCES-in which the thoughts are opposed to each other: Gyges a nullo vidēbātur, ipse autem omnia vĭdēbat, Gyges was seen by no one, but he himself saw all things. Cic. IV. ILLATIVE SENTENCES-which contain an inference: Nihil laboras, ideo nihil habes; You do nothing, therefore you have nothing. Phaed. son: V. CAUSAL SENTENCES-which contain a cause or rea Difficile est consilium, sum ĕnim sõlus; Consultation is difficult, for I am alone. Cic. 1. The CONNECTIVES generally used in these several classes of compounds ar the corresponding classes of conjunctions, i. e., copulative, disjunctive, adversative, illative, and causal conjunctions. See 310. But the connective is often omitted. 2. DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS have special connectives. See 346. II. 2. 361. Compound sentences are generally abridged when their members have parts in common. Such sentences have compound elements: 1. Compound Subjects: Aborigines Trojanīque ducem amisere, The Aborigines and the Trojans lost their leader. Liv. The two members here united are: Aborigines ducem amisēre and Trojāni ducem amisère; but as they have the same predicate, ducem amisère, that predicate is expressed but once, and the two subjects are united into the compound subject: Aborigines Trojanique. 2. Compound Predicates: Rōmāni părant consultantque, The Romans prepare and consult. Liv. 3. Compound Modifiers : Athēnas Graeciamque liberăvit, He liberated Athens and Greece. Nep. CHAPTER II. SYNTAX OF NOUNS. SECTION I. AGREEMENT OF NOUNS. RULE I-Predicate Nouns. 362. A Predicate Noun denoting the same person or thing as its Subject agrees with it in CASE: ' Ego sum nuntius, I am a messenger. Liv. Servius rex est déclārātus, Servius was declared king. Liv. Orestem se esse dixit, He said that he was Orestes. Cic. See 353. 1. In GENDER AND NUMBER Agreement either may or may not take place. But 1) If the Predicate Noun has different forms for different genders, it must agree with its subject in gender: Usus măgister est, Experience is an instructor. Cic. Història est măgistra (not magister), History is an instructress. Cic. 1 For Pred. Noun denoting a different person or thing from its subject, see 401. For convenience of reference the Rules will be presented in a body on page 274. 2. WITH FINITE VERBS.-Predicate Nouns are most frequent 1) With Sum and a few intransitive verbs: ēvādo, exsisto, appāreo,and the like: Ego sum nuntius, I am a messenger. Liv. Homo magnus eväsĕrat, He had become (turned out) a great man. Cic. Exstitit vindex libertatis, He became (stood forth) the defender of liberty. Cic. 2) With Passive verbs of appointing, making, naming, regarding, esteeming, and the like: Servius rex est déclārātus, Servius was declared king. Liv. Mundus civitas existimatur, The world is regarded as a state. Cic. (1) In the poets, Predicate Nouns are used with great freedom after verbs of a great variety of significations. Thus with audio = appellor: Rex audisti, You have been called king; i. e., have heard yourself so called. Hor. (2) For Predicate Accusative, see 373. 1. (3) The Dative of the object for which (390), pro with the Abl., and loco or in nůměro with the Gen. are often kindred in force to Predicate Nouns: hosti, pro hoste, loco hostis, in nůměro hostium, for or as an enemy. See also Pred. Gen. 401. 3. WITH INFINITIVES, PARTICIPLES, ETC.-Predicate Nouns are used not only with finite verbs, but also with Infinitives and Participles, and sometimes without verb or participle: Déclārātus rex Numa, Numa having been declared king. Liv. Cănīnio consule, Caninius being consul. Cic. See 431, also Orestem under the rule. 1) For Predicate Nominative after esse, see 547. 2) For Infinitive or Clause as Predicate, see 553, I.; 495, 3. RULE II.-Appositives. 363. An Appositive agrees with its Subject in CASE: Cluilius rex moritur, Cluilius the king dies. Liv. Urbes Carthago atque Numantia, the cities Carthage and Numantia. Cic. See 352. 2. 1. In GENDER and NUMBER the appositive conforms to the same rule as the predicate noun. See 362. 1. 2. The SUBJECT of the appositive is often omitted: Hostis hostem occīdĕre võlui, I (ego understood) an enemy wished to slay an enemy. Liv. 3. FORCE OF APPOSITIVES.-Appositives are generally kindred in force to Relative clauses, but sometimes to Temporal clauses: Cluilius rex, Cluilius (who was) the king. Liv. Furius puer didicit, Furius learned, when a boy, or as a boy. Cic. 4. PARTITIVE APPOSITIVE.-The parts are sometimes in apposition with the whole: Duo reges, ille bello, hic pace civitatem auxerunt, Two kings advanced the state, the former by war, the latter by peace. Liv. Conversely the whole may be in apposition with its parts. 5. CLAUSES.-A noun or pronoun may be in apposition with a clause, or a clause in apposition with a noun or pronoun. See 445, 7; 553, II. SECTION II. NOMINATIVE. 364. CASES.-Nouns have different forms or cases to mark the various relations in which they are used. These cases, in accordance with their general force, may be arranged and characterized as follows: I. Nominative, II. Vocative, III. Accusative, IV. Dative, V. Genitive, Case of the Subject. Case of Adverbial Relations.1 365. KINDRED CASES.-The cases naturally arrange themselves in pairs the Nominative and Vocative require no governing word; the Accusative and Dative are the regular cases of the Object of an action; the Genitive has usually the force of an Adjective, and the Ablative that of an Adverb. 366. NOMINATIVE.--The Nominative is either the Subject of a Sentence or in agreement with another Nominative. RULE III-Subject Nominative. 367. The Subject of a Finite Verb is put in the Nominative: " 2 Servius regnavit, Servius reigned. Liv. Pătent portae, The gates are open. Cic. Rex vicit, The king conquered. Liv. 1. The Subject is always a substantive, a pronoun, or some word or clause used substantively: Ego rēges ejeci, I have banished kings. Cic. 2. SUBJECT OMITTED.-The subject is generally omitted 1) When it is a Personal Pronoun, unless expressed for contrast or emphasis, and when it can be readily supplied from the context: Quint. Discipulos moneo, ut studia ăment, I instruct pupils to love their studies. 2) When it means men, people: Ferunt, They say. 3) When the verb is impersonal: Pluit, It rains. 3. VERB OMITTED.-The Verb is sometimes omitted, when it can be readily supplied, especially est and sunt : 1 This arrangement is adopted in the discussion of the cases, because, it is thought, it will best present the force of the several cases and their relation to each other. 2 For the Subject of the Infinitive, see 545. For the agreement of the verb with its subject, see 460. |