1) Genitive Singular, ☎ (rarely u): Androgeo from Androgeōs. 2) Accusative 66 Atho, Athon" bucolicōn Athos. o or on: ōn (om): cănĕphoros. 66 bucolicon. 5) Greek nouns in eŭs admit certain forms of the third declension: Orpheus; G., Orpheos; D., Orphei; A., Orphea; V., Orpheu.-Panthus has Voc. Panthu, and pelagus, Plur. pelăge. 47. GENDER IN SECOND DECLENSION. Neuter endings: um, on. I. FEMININE BY EXCEPTION. 1. Nouns feminine by signification: Aegyptus, Egypt; Corinthus, Corinth. See 35. 2, but observe that Many names of countries, towns, islands, and trees follow the gender of their endings. (1) COUNTRIES: Bosporus, Isthmus, Pontus, masculine by ending; those in um and plurals in a, neuter by ending.-(2) Towns: Canopus and plurals in ¿, masculine; thoso in um and plurals in a, neuter.-(3) ISLANDS: those in um and plurals in a, neuter.-(4) TREES: oleaster and pinaster, masculine. Some names of shrubs and plants are feminine, like those of trees, while others take the gender of their endings. 2. Other Feminine exceptions are 1) Most names of gems and ships: amethystus, sapphīrus. 2) Alvus, belly; carbăsus, sail; colus, distaff; humus, ground; vannus, sieve. 3) Many Greek feminines, as (1) nouns in õdus, metros, thongus: periòdus, period; diametros, diameter; diphthongus, diphthong; (2) abyssus, abyss; atomus, atom; dialectos, dialect. II. NEUTER BY EXCEPTION. Pelāgus, sea; vīrus, poison; vulgus (rarely masc.), common people. THIRD DECLENSION. 48. Nouns of the third declension end in I. MASCULINE ENDINGS: o, or, os, er, es increasing in the genitive. II. FEMININE ENDINGS: as, is, ys, x, es not increasing in the genitive, s preceded by a consonant. III. NEUTER ENDINGS: a, e, i, y, c, l, n, t, ar, ur, us. 49. Nouns of this declension may be divided into two classes: I. Nouns which have a case-ending in the nominative singular. These all end in e, s, or x. II. Nouns which have no case-ending in the nominative singular. In class II. the Nom. Sing. is either the same as the stem, or is formed from it by dropping or changing one or more letters of the stem: consul, Gen. consulis; stem, consul, a consul; leo, leōnis, stem, leon (Nom. drops n), lion; carmen, carminis, stem, carmin (Nom. changes in to en), song. 50. CLASS I.-WITH NOMINATIVE ENDING. I. Nouns in es, is, s impure, and x:—with stem unchanged in nominative. Nubes, f. cloud. Avis, f. Urbs, f. Rex, m. II. Nouns in es, is, s impure, and :—with stem chang 1 X in rex = gs-g belonging to the stem, and s being the nom. ending; but in judex, x = cs—c belonging to the stem, and 8 being the nom. ending. 2 Impure, i. e., preceded by a consonant. Sometimes avi. III. Nouns in as, os, us, and e:-those in as, os, and us with stem changed, those in e with stem unchanged. maribus. A. civitatibus. nepotibus. virtutibus. 51. CLASS II.-WITHOUT NOMINATIVE ENDING. I. Nouns in 1 and r-with stem unchanged in nomi native. 52. Case-Endings.-From an inspection of the paradigms, it will be seen, 1. That the nouns belonging to Class II. differ from those of Class I. only in taking no case-ending in the nominative and vocative singular. 2. That all nouns of both classes are declined with the following 4 53. Declension. To apply these endings in declension, we must know, besides the nominative singular, 1. The Gender, as that shows which set of endings must be used. 2. The Genitive Singular (or some oblique case), as that contains the stem (41) to which these endings must be added. 1 In nouns in ∞ (= cs or gs), s is the case-ending, and the c or g belongs to the stem. 2 The dash here implies that the case-ending is sometimes wanting, as in all nouns of Class II. 3 The enclosed endings are less common than the others. 4 For Irregularities see Formation of Cases (55-98) and Irregular Nouns. |