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2) But sometimes the Perfect retains i and the Supine

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For Reduplication in compounds, see 254. 5; other peculiarities of compounds will be noticed under the separate conjugations.

CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS

According to the Perfect-Formation.1

FIRST CONJUGATION.

CLASS I. REGULAR FORMATION.

261. Principal Parts in: o, āre, āvi, ātum.

These endings belong to most verbs of this conjugation: the following are examples:

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CLASS II. IRREGULAR FORMATION.-Three Irregularities.

262. First Irregularity.—Perfect (and generally Supine) after the Analogy of the Second Conjugation. Principal Parts in: o, āre, ui, îtum (generally).

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Incrěpo, are, ui (āvi), ṛtum, (ātum); discrěpo, āre, ui (āvi) –

Crěpo,

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to creak.

to recline.

to tame.
to kill.

1 The Perfect-Formation is selected as the special basis of this classification, because the irregularities of the other principal parts are less important and can be readily associated with this formation.

2 The lists contain all the simple verbs which belong to this class and such com

pounds as deviate in any important particular from their simple verbs.

3 Compounds which insert m, as accumbo, etc., are of Conj. III. See 276. II. 1. The simple něco is regular, and even in the compound the forms in avi and ātum occur.

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Duplico, multiplico, replico, and supplico are regular: āre, āvi, ātum.

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1. Pōto, are, āri, ātum, to drink, has also pōtum in the supine.

to forbid.

2. The Passive Participles coenātus and jurātus (coeno, to dine, and jūro, to swear) are active in signification, having dined, etc. Pōtus, from pōto, is also sometime active.

263. Second Irregularity.-Perfect lengthens StemVowel.

Principal Parts in: o, āre, i, tum.

Jŭvo,

juvare,

jūvi,

jūtum,

Participle juvatūrus, but in compounds jutūrus is also used.

to assist.

Lăvo,

Do,

Sto,

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In poetry this is sometimes of Conj. III.: lavo, lavère, lāvi, etc.

264. Third Irregularity.-Perfect Reduplicated.
Principal Parts in: o, āre, i, tum.

dăre,
stare,

dědi,
stěti,

dǎtum,
stātum,

to give.

to stand.

1. In do the characteristic is short by exception: dabam, dăbo, dărem, etc. Four compounds of do, circumdo, pessumdo, satisdo and venumdo, are conjugated like the simple verb; the rest are dissyllabic and of the third Conj. (280).

2. Compounds of sto are conjugated like the simple verb, if the first part is a dissyllable, otherwise they take stiti for stěti: adsto, adstāre, adstžti, adstātum. Disto wants Perf. and Sup.

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SECOND CONJUGATION.

CLASS I. REGULAR FORMATION.

266. Principal Parts in:

{

I. eo, ére, ēvi, ētum.1

II. eo, ere, ui, ĭtum.

I. eo, ĕre,

III. eo, ére, ui, tum or sum. ēvi,

These endings belong to the following verbs: Compleo, complère, complēvi, completum,

So other compounds of pleo; as expleo, impleo.

ētum.

to fill.

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to destroy.

flētum,

to weep.

nētum,

to spin.

1. Abŏleo, abolère, abolēvi, abolitum, to destroy, is compounded of ab and oleo (not used). The other compounds of oleo generally end in esco, and are of the third conjugation. See abolesco, 276. II. 1.

2. Vieo, viere, vietum, to weave, bend, is rare, except in the participle viētus.

II. eo,

ēre,

ui,

ĭtum.

These endings belong to most verbs of this conjugation. The

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III. eo, ĕre, ui, tum or sum.

These endings, slightly irregular in the Supine, belong to the following verbs:

Censeo,

censere,

censui, censum,

to think.

Perf. Part. census and censītus.-Percenseo wants Sup. ; recenseo has recensum and recensitum.

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Detineo, ere, ui, detentum; so obtineo and retineo; other compounds seldom have Sup.

Torreo,

torrère,

torrui,

tostum,

to roast.

1 We class evi and etum, though belonging to but few verbs, with the regular formations, because they are the full and original forms from which the more common ui and itum are derived. See 247. 1.

267. SUPINE WANTING.-Many verbs, regular in the Perfect, want

the Supine: the following are the most important:

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268. PERFECT AND SUPINE WANTING.-Some verbs, derived most

ly from adjectives, want both Perfect and Supine: the following are the

most important:

Albeo, to be white.
Aveo, to covet.
Calveo, to be bald.
Caneo, to be gray.
Flaveo, to be yellow.

Foeteo, to be fetid.

Hěbeo, to be blunt.
Humeo, to be moist.
Immineo, to threaten.
Lacteo, to suck.
Liveo, to be livid.
Maereo, to be sad.

Polleo, to be powerful.
Renideo, to shine.
Scăteo, to gush forth.
Squaleo, to be filthy.
Věgeo, to be lively.

CLASS II. IRREGULAR FORMATION.-Three Irregularities.

269. First Irregularity.-Perfect in si (rarely i) after the Analogy of the Third Conjugation:

Principal Parts in: eo, ēre, si (i), tum or sum.

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1. Cieo, cière, civi, citum, to arouse, has a kindred form, cio, cīre, cīvi, citum, from which it seems to have obtained its perfect. In compounds the forms of the fourth Conj. prevail, especially in the sense of to call, call forth. 2. For Euphonic Changes before si in the Perfect, see 248. I.

270. Second Irregularity.-Perfect lengthens StemVowel.

Principal Parts in: eo, ēre, i, tum (sum).

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So circumsědeo and supersedeo. Other compounds thus: assideo, ēre, assēdi, assessum; but dissideo, praesideo, and resideo want Supine.

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271. Third Irregularity.-Perfect Reduplicated.

Principal Parts in: eo, ere, i, sum.

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For reduplication in compounds, see 254. 5.

272. DEPONENT VERBS.

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