commentary. I also owe much to Professor L. Friedländer's edition, but not more, I think, than to his other works mentioned above, especially the Sittengeschichte: the Indices, also, to his editions of Martial and Juvenal are a real boon. When his edition was published, I had prepared more than half my commentary for the Press; but from that time onward I constantly kept his book before me, and was also able to make some changes in the proofsheets of what I had already written. Weidner's edition, which I had been consulting before with little advantage, I discarded almost entirely when I had Friedländer before me. The only other edition which I have regularly used is that of the late J. D. Lewis: its great merits are good sense and power of apt quotation. I have studied the papers on Juvenal in Madvig's Opuscula and, in almost every case, accepted his conclusions. I must also mention a large number of articles and notes by different scholars in the philological Reviews, English and German-especially the series of papers by Bücheler in the Rheinisches Museum. My obligations to all these authorities are, I believe, acknowledged on any passage where I accept their views.

Finally, I owe a special debt of gratitude to Mr W. T. Lendrum, Fellow of Gonville and Caius College. He has read nearly the whole of the commentary in proof; and almost every page bears marks of his fine scholarship and exact knowledge of Roman institutions under the Empire.

J. D. DUFF.

TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
September 12, 1898.

PREFACE.

ERHAPS it is reason enough for adding another to the

PERH

many English editions of Juvenal, that all our recent editors have excluded the Sixth Satire, the most brilliant in detail and by far the longest of Juvenal's poems. The present edition includes 530 lines of this celebrated piece. It may also be noted that the text of Juvenal has been materially affected by recent discoveries, of which full account has been taken here.

The Introduction deals first with the Life of Juvenal. In this section the different sources from which our information is derived, are considered in turn; and the dates assigned by Friedländer to the different Books of Satires are accepted generally as proved. The next section contains a sketch of satura as treated by Juvenal's predecessors in this kind of writing: here (pp. xxiii-xxvii) I follow closely the late Professor Nettleship's Essay on the subject now reprinted in his Lectures and Essays (second series). When writing my Introduction, I was not aware that this Essay had been reprinted in an easily accessible form; or I should have been content to refer to it. The same volume contains (p. 117) an Essay on Juvenal's Life and Poems, published originally in the Journal of Philology (vol. xvi): this contains the best criticism of Juvenal I have ever read, and I have frequently quoted from it in different parts of my book. My third section deals with Juvenal himself,-his relation to his predecessors, his characteristics, moral and literary, and his motives for writing satire. The two remaining sections

It is probable that the De Viris Illustribus was published before 114 A.D. For the younger Pliny, who died in that year, was not one of the authors included in the work; and it is highly improbable that Suetonius, if his book was written after this date, would not have mentioned so distinguished a personage and so intimate a friend as Pliny. But we know that Juvenal was still living fourteen years later. Further, Juvenal tells us little about himself; and he is mentioned by none of his contemporaries except Martial. (The information gleaned from his own satires and from Martial is considered below.) The next mention of him occurs in Lactantius, two hundred years later. Nor is this long silence surprising; for classical literature came to an end with his death. But it is surprising that his name never occurs in the Letters of Pliny. These letters appeared between 97 and 110 A.D., to which period Juvenal's first book must be assigned, and they contain many references to literary events. Yet Juvenal is never mentioned. It is perhaps not uncharitable to suppose that if Juvenal had praised Pliny, the passage would have been preserved in a letter, together with some information about the satirist. Their silence may be due to mutual want of sympathy; for it is clear that Pliny belonged to the Lord Chesterfields and Sir William Temples of literature, while Juvenal was one of the Johnsons and Swifts.

The Ancient Biographies.

As we have no biography from Suetonius, we must gather what information we can from other sources. The first of these consists in the anonymous biographies attached to many of the interpolated manuscripts of Juvenal.

These Lives are very numerous at least twelve have been preserved. But they are generally of slight authenticity and value it is easy to see how this or that detail is drawn from no other source than a passage, perhaps misunderstood, of Juvenal himself. One Life, lately discovered, asserts that he was born in 55 A.D., and gives the names of his parents; but the inference to be drawn from this unsupported statement in a manuscript