gave 6,500,500 gallons of rum as the product of 1849, while the importations of molasses were only 3,885,525 gallons. The distillers, therefore, received as drawback about $1.70 for every $1 paid into the treasury on imported molasses. And this is not remarkable; the estimate for 1842, in the Secretary's report, was that all the molasses revenue would go to the distillers.

The beneficiaries of the rum drawback and frauds lived, as did most of the sugar refiners, "north of Mason and Dixon's line." Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York produced 6,496,000 gallons of the 6,500,500 gallons reported in 1849, of which Massachusetts contributed 3,786,000 gallons, or nearly 60 per cent of the whole.

During all the years of these frauds, reaching up to 1861, the refiners and the distillers were "protected" in the home market by import taxes ranging from 24 per cent (1857) to 12 cents per pound on sugar, and from 30 per cent (1857) to 90 cents per gallon on rum; and it is quite likely that the prices of their sugar and rum, when sold in the United States, were the foreign prices plus the drawback.'

Since 1861 it has been the policy of the political party which has enacted every tariff law, except the short-lived Wilson Act, to deny that tariff acts foster frauds; and, as the public attention has been kept directed to exciting sectional questions, schemes to rob the people or their treasury have usually managed to escape exposure.

CHAPTER XVI.

SLAVERY.

The care with which the writers of most of the cheap and attractive school histories which the publishing houses in the Northern cities have been introducing into the schools of the South during the last thirty years, record the importation of African slaves into the Southern Colonies, while omitting their introduction into those of the North, and conceai altogether or misrepresent the essential facts on which alone can be founded a just judgment of the long controversy between the Northern and Southern sections of the Union, which terminated in a war between them, deserves the rebuke which it is proper here to summon the cold and unadorned facts of history to administer.

One of these books (perhaps a fair sample of what Southern children have been studying for a quarter of a century) is called The Eclectic Primary History of the United States. Its first reference to slavery is in these words (p. 30): "One day a Dutch vessel visited Jamestown. She had 20 Africans on board, who were sold to the Colonists. In this manner negro slavery was introduced into our country.' The second is on page 171 in these words: "You have been told when African slavery was introduced into Virginia. As our country grew and prospered, slavery extended into many of the States. It was legal in all of them that lay south of Mason and Dixon's line, which, you know, marked the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland." And the next is in Part IV, which begins thus: "The Southern, or Slave States, believed that the election of a Republican President would endanger States' rights and the existence of negro slavery."

Another one of them published by the Educational Publishing Company, Boston, is called American History Stories. It is a more attractive volume than the one above-mentioned; and it can be found in Southern schools.

After utterly ignoring the existence of Indian and negro slavery in the North, and expressing sorrow that slaves in Virginia "did all the work for their masters, and received no pay for it"-the sons and daughters of the slave-holder, of course, growing up in absolute idleness--it says the Georgians introduced slavery into their Colony because they "were not a God-fearing people as were the Puritans and Quakers.

The ignorance of these so-called historians, or their deliberate purpose to prejudice the youth of these States against the Southern people, will appear as we proceed.

In the days when the first British North American Colonies were settled, and long afterwards, the white man entertained no doubt about his right to enslave any race of people whom he regarded as morally and intellectually his inferior; and since in those days every man's station in the world was held to be the one assigned to him by his Creator, at which it would have been impious to complain, nearly two centuries passed by before the slow-growing spirit of justice, equality, and fraternity began, even in a few isolated cases, to embrace the negro among the objects of its sympathies. '

At the battle on the Mystic River, in Connecticut, May 20, 1637, between the Pequods and the combined

1

Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts. as will be seen in another chapter, based his denial that slavery ever existed in Massachusetts, in any just sense," on the absence of any law establishing slavery there; but perhaps he could have proved by similar evidence that slavery never existed in South Carolina, or in any other State. He might have gone further and proved that no man in Massachusetts ever owned a horse.

forces of Massachusetts and Connecticut, aided by some Indians, about two hundred women and children were captured. They were divided between these forces and their Indian allies, and reduced to slavery; and afterwards, since Indians did not make docile slaves, they were shipped to the West Indies and exchanged for "blackamoors" (negroes)--an exchange in which, according to the late Hon. Jeremiah S. Black's understanding of Moore's Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts, the West Indian got cheated.'

Six years afterwards (1643) the Colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven formed a Confederation between themselves, in which they mutually agreed to surrender fugitive slaves on the demand of the owners.

In 1676, after King Philip had been slain, beheaded, and quartered, because he had sought revenge for the indignities heaped upon his brother, Wamsutta, Sachem of his tribe, ending in his death by poison (as Philip believed), Philip's son, a lad nine years old, whose grandfather, Massasoit, had been a life-long friend of the Colonists (when they sorely needed a friend), was shipped to Bermuda, and sold as a slave. 2

In 1638 the Salem ship "the Desire" (built at Marblehead in 1636) brought into Massachusetts a number of negroes, and found ready sale for them. "This first entrance into the slave-trade," says Moore, "was not a private, individual speculation. It was the enterprise of the authorities of the Colony."

1 An imperfect but interesting account of "the most sanguinary atrocities of the whites" during their Indian wars can be found in Irving's Sketch Book-"Philip of Pokanoket."

2 "Two distinguished preachers, Rev. Samuel Arnold of Marshfield, and Rev. John Cotton of Plymouth, were asked to advise what to do with Philip's son. They said 'butcher him.'"-Moore, page 45.

Unless otherwise stated, quotations in this chapter are from Moore.

In 1720 Governor Shute informed the Lords of Trade that there were 2,000 slaves in Massachusetts, including a few Indians. He added that, during the same year, 37 male and 6 female negroes were imported, with the remark, "No great difference for 7 years last past. "In 1735 there were 2,600 negroes in the Province.' "In 1742 there were 1,514 in Boston alone.”

In 1754 there were in Massachusetts 4,489 slaves 16 years old and upwards. In 1764-25 the number was 5,779. In 1776 there were 5,249; in 1784, 4,377; in 1786, 4.371; and in 1790, 6,001.

And these slaves were treated as cruelly, and sold with as little regard for paternal, maternal, conjugal, or filial love, as they ever were in any other Colony or State.

The New England Weekly Journal, 55th number, dated April 8, 1728, contained two advertisements as follows:

A very likely negro girl, about 13 or 14 years of age, speaks good English, has been in the country some years, to be sold. Inquire of the printer hereof. "A very likely negro woman who can do household work, and is fit either for town or country service, about 22 years of age, to be sold. Inquire of the printer hereof.

The Boston Newsletter, August 12 to 19, 1731, contained this:

“Just arrived a choice lot of negro boys and girls." The New England Weekly Journal, May 1, 1732, contained this:

"A likely negro woman about 19 years and a child of about 6 months of age to be sold together or apart." And the Boston Gazette and Journal, August 18, 1766, made this announcement:

1 Alden's Cyclopædia, Art. Newspaper.