to the modern Italian architects, who, having little of antiquity before their eyes, appear to have bestowed more attention upon this order than the others, and it must be confessed that they have made of it a very elegant design, though, as before observed, essentially different from the original and true Doric. The proportions, according to Sir W. Chambers, are as follow the base, thirty minutes; the shaft, thirteen modules, twenty-eight minutes; and the capital, thirty-two minutes; the architrave, thirty miuutes; the frieze to capital of triglyph, forty-five minutes; and cornice, fortyfive minutes. Upper diameter of column, fifty minutes.

In no example of antiquity is the Doric column provided with a base, so, in order to supply this defect, most architects have employed the attic base, which is common to all the orders except the Tuscan, though belonging, perhaps, more particularly to the Ionic.

It consists of two tori, with a scotia and fillets, between the upper of which, in this version, resembles an inverted ovolo. The fillet above the upper torus is always connected with the shaft by a curve, as is also that under the capital, for which reason they are commonly considered as part of the shaft. The plinth, or square member beneath, is usually understood, in Roman architecture, to be an indispensable appendage to the base, though Palladio has omitted it in his Corinthian order; but it is rarely found in the Greek specimens. To save this order, however, from the sad humiliation of being obliged to borrow a shoe when required to wear one, Vignola provided it with this appendage. His base consists of one large torus, with one considerably smaller resting upon it, surmounted by the fillet.

88

18

18

324

18

5832

.5236

34992

17496

11664

29160

3053.6352 cubic in. solidity.

END OF MENSURATION OF SOLIDS.

The most striking peculiarity in this order is the triglyph (supposed by Vitruvius to be the end of the joists laid transversely on the beam of the architrave), which forms the technical distinction between the Greek and Roman Doric, being in the former always placed at the corner of the entablature, and in the latter, invariably over the centre of the column. The triglyph is surmounted by the mutule in the Greek, and in some Roman examples inclined, but in most modern profiles horizontal; on its soffit are represented gutta, or drops. The spaces between the triglyphs on the frieze, called metopes, in the modern Doric, are invariably perfectly square, and generally enriched with sculptures. Those which formerly adorned the metopes of the Parthenon were brought to this country by Lord Elgin, and TO MAKE CHINESE SHEET LEAD.-The operanow form the principal part of the collection tion is carried on by two men; one is seated which is known by his name at the British on the floor, with a large flat stone before him, Museum. In the modern order these sculptures are most commonly an alternate bull's scull, and patera. The extreme projections of all these ornaments should be less than that of the triglyph itself, thus keeping a due subordination between mere decorations and essential parts. All the Greek Doric columns are fluted, and in both Greek and Roman this is performed without fillets between, as in the other orders. The intercolumniations in this order differ from those of the others, on account of the triglyph, the metopes being required to be

and with a moveable one at his side. His fellow-workman stands beside him with a crucible filled with melted lead, and having poured a certain quantity upon the stone, the other lifts the moveable stone, and dashing it on the fluid lead, presses it out into a flat and thin plate, which he instantly moves from the stone. A second quantity of lead is poured in a similar manner, and a similar plate formed, the process being carried on with singular rapidity.' The rough edges of the plates are then cut off, and they are soldered together for use

The Future of Art.

nected that all evils inflicted upon the one produce corresponding effects upon the other. It matters but little whether the vacuity exists To gaze beyond those narrow limits with which either in the belly or the brain-to produce futurity encompasses us, and to predict with real happiness in life both must be filled. certainty as to the maturity of that of which From a perusal of the above, the reader will we have, as yet, only seen the infancy, is a task at once perceive that beauty forms part of the of no enviable character;-years may proba-natural intellectual food of man; and this bly have to elapse, ere the prophecy will be view is further supported by the fact of its fulfilled, and the prophet, if right, will, most being the antidote of ugliness, in the same likely, be forgotten; but if wrong, he will be manner that honey corrects the taste of the despoiled of his fair fame by the merciless acid or the bitter-both of which are detrihand of disappointed expectation;-but with mental to our bodily health. regard to art, the task is less dangerous: the Art, therefore, is the legitimate caterer to shrewd observer of mankind may at once de- our intellectual appetite; and it is only by her tect a popular feeling, and to discover cultivation that we will be enabled to produce whether that feeling be stable or not is a ques-a purer feeling in the minds of the multitude tion solved by considering the length of its than that with which it has been hitherto perprevious duration, and the object for which it vaded. exists.

We can already obtain a glimpse of the future of art by regarding attentively the popular feeling of the present day, and may safely predict that the time is not far distant when beauty will be once more installed among usbeauty, pure and noble, that has ever been a willing guest to the heart willing for her reception.

All results have their origin in something:the waters issuing from a spring, mayhap, form a stream; that stream, at the end of its course, joins a river; and that river empties its tide into the sea;-so it is with those common passions of our nature by which we are all influenced:-a gaze at a beautiful object creates love; love quickly merges into desire; and desire prompts us to obtain possession;-in all these grada- THE "ART MANUFACTURE."-A facetious tions of feeling we may perceive the secret contemporary has lately animadverted, and in spring which actuates the progress of hu- our opinion very justly, too, upon the excesmanity, it was this power which Nature exer- sively high prices affixed by Felix Summerly cises over our minds that first led man from to the articles forming his “ Art Manufacture." the intellectual darkness by which he was "Art in domestic utensils," says he, "will surrounded-and it was this power that ulti-never be popularised and appreciated by the mately placed at his disposal the resources of general public, when beer jugs are sold at the earth. The contrast afforded to his eighteen shillings. We have casts of celebramiserable state of existence-suffering, as he ted statues for half a crown or less. Why was, under that worst species of slavery, the should not Mr. Felix Summerly's beer vessel bond of ignorance-by almost every surround-be cast or moulded in some homely but approing object, first fired his soul with a love of priate material and sold for something like a liberty; an easily acquired insight into natural corresponding price? The idea of making properties, gave him the means of unshackling household things artistically beautiful is a very his fetters; and his unrestrained freedom soon excellent one. But household things to be put paved the way to civilisation; civilisation led to household usage must not be too expensive to moral refinement; and here, allying him- to be occasionally broken and replaced. That, self with education, in the work of intellectual in the very nature of things, must be their and social progress, with her aid he soon dis- destiny. We repeat to Mr. Felix Summerly, covered that the mind, itself, was formed by that we should like to see his shop prosper; God to labour with the arm; and that his most but if he would succeed, he must, in shop powerful assistant was knowledge. phrase, ticket his goods with lower figures. We We are all well aware that beauty has as should be loath to think that the principal art much influence over our intellect as sweetness looked to in the Art Manufacture was the art has over our palate; it forms, indeed, an intel- of getting as much money as possible out of lectual luxury for a property of our nature people's pockets. A fair and liberal remunerawhich should never be sated with coarser tion we should be delighted to see undertaker food. Man, in his present state of existence, and artist receive, and we are convinced that a partakes of two principles in his composition-large disposal of these certainly very beautiful mental and corporeal; the latter requires nutritious food for its adequate support, and unless this is provided an incipient decay germinates in his body, leading first to sickness, and then to a premature death. Then is it not unreasonable to suppose that the first principle is self-sustaining, when we are fully aware that starvation aberrates the mind, and leads to idiotcy; and vice versa, that grief in the mind wastes away our physical functions, and attenuates our frames. The fact is, that the two principles of our nature are so closely con

articles at a lower price would be an infinitely better commercial speculation than the necessarily limited sales to be effected at the present very exorbitant rate charged for them." With these sentiments, as we have stated above, we entirely coincide; without cheapness forming one of the qualities of the productions of art, they lose the greater portion of their value ;besides, the very spirit of the age should, we think, be a sufficient guide to Felix Summerly in regulating the prices of the articles he produces to the world.

Scientific Societies.

copper or silver without these metals being precipitated, or having its brilliancy diminished. He showed by experiment, that if a piece of platinum or of gold were placed at and a piece of iron immersed and placed in the bottom of a vessel containing nitric acid, contact with it, the action which would otherwise ensue was destroyed. If there was, however, the slightest scratch or abrasion on the surface of the metal, the protecting influence was gone. A piece of solid carbon also imparts a protective property to iron, little short of that given it by platinum.

LIVERPOOL POLYTECHNIC SOCIETY. CORROSION OF IRON.-Mr. T.Spencer recently read a paper, before the Liverpool Polytechnic Society, "On iron, its active and inactive states," wherein he made some observations on rust. Iron, he said, above all the useful metals, had the greatest affinity for oxygen: in other words, its surface became sooner subject to rust than all other metals and substances, setting aside the alkaline earths. In our climate this undesirable property was wit- BUILDERS' BENEVOLENT INSTITUTION.-On nessed more than in other countries: in Upper the 3rd January the managing committee of Egypt instruments of polished steel might be this Institution met to balance the half-yearly kept in the open air without losing their bril- account, when they had the pleasure of finding liancy. Dry atmosphere, although it contains the balance exceed their expectations, remem20 per cent. of free oxygen, would not alone bering that the great pressure of the times cause iron to rust. The atmosphere had must affect the affairs of the class of persons always, however, in combination with it what more especially connected with the building was called aqueous vapour, but which was in interest. The committee, notwithstanding they reality steam. We might immerse the most have only commenced operations during brilliant polished steel in oxygen gas without a short period of six months, have invested a a change taking place on its surface. Neither considerable sum in the Government securioxygen nor steam could of itself corrode iron. ties, and have also a considerable sum yet reLet it be remembered, these bodies were the maining in the hands of the bankers. It is to only ones to which it was exposed. Under be hoped that the various classes in the buildwhat circumstances, then, did this general and ing trades (as the Institute combines and all-pervading action take place? An answer relieves almost all connected with building) to this was given by a simple experiment. If will give their united assistance in carrying one end of a slip of polished iron were kept in out its laudable and philanthropic object, it pure water while the other end was in the at- being necessary to raise a sufficient sum to inmosphere, it would seem that the part of the vest, in order to realise an income sufficient iron which first corroded was at the surface of to enable the committee to grant and continue the water, and this long before the ends of the relief. iron were acted upon. It required a mixture of air and water, what was usually termed dampness, neither the one nor the other being able to produce the effect alone. Steel filings became rusty in water. Why? Because they absorbed the oxygen in the water. If a second quantity of filings were put in they would not rust, because the oxygen had been already subtracted. The reader showed by experiment that a coating of carbon effectually prevents iron from oxidation, and that it can protect it from a body so strong as even aquafortis itself. If the aquafortis were diluted with water, however, the protective power no longer exists. We all knew, he said, that should a piece of this metal be immersed in nitric or sulphuric acid, a great action ensued, fumes were given off, whilst the iron itself was dissolved; the result was owing to the strong affinity of this metal for oxygen: if gold were immersed, no such action took place. Iron had the same action on a solution of silver or copper, so that precipitation ensued. He (Mr. S.) could well conceive how astonished the experimenter must have been when he discovered that, by a simple means, clean bright iron, without protection, might be placed in nitric acid, without any decomposition taking place, and that the act of immersion, which generally destroyed, should now preserve; but more extraordinary still, its hitherto active surface had become so catalepsed," if he might use the term, that it might be plunged into a strong solution of

Invention of GLASS.-It might contribute to dispose us to a kinder regard for the labours of one another, if we were to consider from what unpromising beginnings the most useful productions of art have probably arisen. Who, when he first saw the sand or ashes, by a casual intenseness of heat, melted into a metalline form, rugged with excrescences and clouded with impurities, would have imagined that in this shapeless lump lay concealed so many conveniences of life as would, in time, constitute a great part of the happiness of the world? Yet, by some such fortuitous liquefaction was mankind taught to procure a body, at once, in a high degrce, solid and transparent; which might admit the light of the sun, and exclude the violence of the wind; which might extend the sight of the philosopher to new ranges of existence, and charm him, at one time, with the unbounded extent of material creation, and at another with the endless subordination of animal life; and, what is of yet more importance, might supply the decays of nature, aud succour old age with subsidiary sight. Thus was the first artificer in glass employed, though without his knowledge or expectation. He was facilitating and prolonging the enjoyment of light, enlarging the avenues of science, and conferring the highest and most lasting pleasures; he was enabling the student to contemplate nature, and the beauty to behold herself.-Dr. Johnson.