it appears that the four fundamental rules in arithmetic are very readily worked, and, to use the author's own words, "without charging the memory, disturbing the mind, or exposing the operations to any uncertainty." That these machines were at the time brought into practice, there seems no reason to doubt, as by an advertisement prefixed to the work, it appears that they were manufactured for sale by Humphry Adanson, who lived with Jonas Moore, esq. in the Tower of London.

But there appears very good reason to give him the merit of an invention of much greater importance, that of the steam-engine; a contrivance which, assisted by modern improvements, is now performing what a century ago would have seemed miraculous or impossible. Yet it appears that he has been hitherto entirely unknown to the world at large. In 1699, captain Savery obtained a patent for this invention; and he has consequently occupied all the honour of the discovery. But in that noble assemblage of MSS. the Harleian collection, now in the British Muşeum, the strongest testimony appears that the real inventor was Samuel Morland. That the first hint of the kind was thrown out by the marquis of Worcester, in his "Century of Inventions," is allowed; but obscurely, like the rest of his hints. But Morland wrote a book upon the subject; in which he not only shewed the practicability of the plan, but went so far as to calculate the power of different cylinders. This book is now extant in manuscript, in the above collection. It was presented to the French king in 1683, at which time experiments were actually shewn at St. Germain's.. The author dates his invention in 1682; consequently seventeen years prior to Savery's patent. It seems, however, to have remained obscure both in France and England, till 1699, when Savery, who probably knew more of Morland's invention than he owned, obtained a patent; and in the very same year, M. Amontons proposed something similar to the French academy, probably as his own.

The manuscript, in which Morland explains his invention, No. 5771 of the Harleian collection, hitherto seems to have been as little noticed as Morland himself. But if he was the real inventor, as these circumstances seem to render almost certain, it is highly proper that his name should in future be recorded, with all the honour which an invention of such utility demands. It is thus described by

the learned gentleman who assisted in the improved catalogue of that valuable collection of MSS.

A thin book upon vellum, entitled " Elevation des Eaux, par toute sorte de machines, reduite à la mesure, au poids, et à la balance. Presentée a sa majesté tres Chrestienne par le Chevalier Morland, gentilhomme ordinaire de la Chambre privée, et maistre des mechaniques du Roy de la Grande Bretaigne," 1683. The whole is preceded by tables of weights, measures, &c. At page 35, begins what seems to be one of the first steps made towards the art of working by steam. It has a separate title, "Les principes de la nouvelle force de feu; inventée par le Chev. Morland l'an 1682, et presentée a sa majesté tres Chrestienne 1683." The author thus reasons on his principle: "L'Eau estant evaporée par la force de Feu, ces vapeurs demandent incontinent une plus grand'espace (environ deux mille fois) que l'eau n'occupoiet (sic) auparavant, et plus tost que d'etre toujours emprisonnées, feroient crever un piece de Canon. Mais estant bien gouvernées selon les regles de la Statique, et par science reduites a la mesure, au poids et à la balance, alors elles portent paisiblement leurs fardeaux (comme des bons chevaux) et ainsi servient elles du grand usage au gendre humain, particulierement pour l'elevations des Eaux." Then follow a table of weights to be thus raised by cylinders half full of water, according to their diameters.

This book, which contains only thirty-four pages, is 'written in elegant and ornamented characters; but after this our author printed a book at Paris, with partly the same title, as far as "à la balance;" after which it runs thus, "par le moyen d'un nouveau piston, et corps de pompe, et d'un nouveau movement cyclo-elliptique, &c. avec huit problemes de mechanique proposez aux plus habiles et aux plus sçavans du siecle, pour le bien public," 4to. In the dedication to the king of France, he says, that as his majesty was pleased with the models and ocular demonstrations he had the honour to exhibit at St. Germains, he thought himself obliged to present this book as a tribute due to so great a monarch. He states that it contains an abridged account of the best experiments he had made for the last thirty years respecting the raising of water, with figures, in profile and perspective, calculated to throw light on the mysteries of hydrostatics. It begins with a perpetual almanack, shewing the day of the month or week for

the time past, present, and to come, and has various mathematical problems, tables, &c,; but nothing respecting the action of fire. In the Phil. Trans. however, vol. IX. (1674), is a paper by him on a new method of raising water, which is not there explained, but was probably effected by some application of steam similar to that which is described by Bradley in his book on gardening, p. 316. It ppears that here also he was followed by Mr. Savery, to whom Bradley attributes the apparatus which he describes, and illustrates by a plate. It contains evidently the principles of the steam-engine.

How far all this may be conclusive in sir Samuel Morland's favour, as the inventor of the steam-engine, we must leave to be determined by those who have made the history of inventions their study. It only remains that we notice the titles of such of his works as have not been mentioned already. These are, 1. "The Count of Pagan's Method of delineating all manner of Fortifications from the exterior Polygon, reduced to English measure, and converted into Hercotectonick lines," Lond. 1672. 2. “A new and most useful Instrument for Addition and Subtraction, &c. with a perpetual Almanack," ibid, 1672, 8vo. This appears to have preceded his description of the two arithmetical instruments mentioned above. 3." The Doctrine of Interest, both simple and compound, explained," &c. ibid. 1679, 8vo. 4. "Description of the Tuba Stentorophonica," or speaking trumpet, ibid. 1671, folio. 5. "Hydrostatics, or Instructions concerning Water-works," 1697, 12mo. This appears to have been a posthumous work. By one of his letters, dated July 28, 1688, it appears that he had an intention of publishing the first six books of Euclid, for the use of public schools.

We learn from Mr. Lysons, that in 1675, sir Samuel Morland obtained a lease of Vauxhall house (now a distillery), made it his residence, and considerably improved the premises, every part of which shewed the invention of the owner; the side-table in the dining-room was supplied with a large fountain, and the glasses stood under little streams of water. His coach had a moveable kitchen, with clockwork machinery, with which he could make soup, broil steaks, or roast a joint of meat. About 1684 he purchased a house at Hammersmith, near the water-side; and all the letters we have seen in the Lambeth library or Mu seum, are dated from this place. He gave a pump and..

well, adjoining to his house, for the use of the public, which benefaction was thus recorded upon a tablet fixed in the wall: "Sir Samuel Morland's well, the use of which he freely gives to all persons; hoping that none who shall come after him, will adventure to incur God's displeasure by denying a cup of cold water (provided at another's cost and not their own) to either neighbour, stranger, passenger, or poor thirsty beggar. July 8, 1695." This pump has been removed; but the stone tablet is preserved in the garden belonging to the house, which is now an academy, and known by the name of Walbrough-house, in the tenure of Messrs. Aiken and Bathie.'

MORLEY (Dr. GEORGE), a learned English bishop, first of Worcester and afterwards of Winchester, was son of Francis Morley, esq. by a sister of sir John Denham, one of the barous of the Exchequer, and born in Cheapside, London, Feb. 27, 1597. He lost his parents when very young, and also his patrimony, by his father being engaged for other people's debts. However, at fourteen, he was elected a king's scholar at Westminster-school, and became a student of Christ-church, Oxford, in 1615; where he took the first degree in arts in 1618, and that of M. A. in 1621. After a residence of seven years in this college, he was invited to be chaplain to Robert earl of Carnarvon and his lady, with whom he lived till 1640, without seeking any preferment in the church. At the end of that time, and in his forty-third year, he was presented to the rectory of Hartfield in Sussex, which being a sinecure, he exchanged for the rectory of Mildenhall in Wiltshire; but, before this exchange, Charles I. to whom he was chaplain in ordinary, had given him a canonry of Christ-church, Oxford, in 1641, the only preferment he ever desired; and of which he gave the first year's profit to his majesty, towards the charge of the war, then begun. In 1642 he took his degree of D. D. and preached one of the first solemn sermons before the House of Commons; but so

1 Principally from an account drawn up by sir Samuel, and sent to abp. Tenison, which with other papers relating to his transactions, is among bishop Gibson's papers, No. 931 of the MSS. library at Lambeth. See also other papers relating to him in Ayscough's Cat. of MSS. in the British Museum. We have likewise to acknowledge much valuable information from Mr. archdeacon Nares, who first suggested the probability of sir Samuel's being the inventor of the steam-engine, and obliged us with what he had collected on the subject.Cole's MS Athena in Brit. Mus.-Lysons's Environs, vol. I. and II.—Clarendon's and Echard's Histories.-Hawkins's History of Music, vol. IV. p. 221.— Rees's Cyclopædia.-Lysons's Magna Britannia, Berks, p. 378-Wellwood's Memoirs, p. 105-106, edit. 1700.

little to their liking, that he was not commanded to print it, as all the preachers had been. Yet he was nominated one of the assembly of divines, but never appeared among them, as he preferred to remain with the king, and promote his majesty's interest. Among other services the king employed him to engage the university of Oxford not to submit to the parliamentary visitation; and such was his success, that the convocation had the spirit to pass an act for that purpose, with only one dissenting voice, although they were then under the power of the enemy, Afterwards he was appointed by the university, with other assistants named by himself, to negociate the surrender of the Oxford garrison to the parliamentary forces, which he managed with great address. Such a decided part, however, could not fail to render him obnoxious; and accordingly in 1647, the committee for reforming the university voted his canonry vacant. He was offered at the same time to hold it and what else he had, if he would give his word not to appear openly against them and their proceedings; but he preferred suffering with his celebrated colleagues Fell, Sanderson, Hammond, &c. Accordingly in 1648 he was deprived of all his preferments, and imprisoned for some little time. Some months before, he had been permitted to attend upon the king at Newmarket, as one of his chaplains, and he was one of the divines who assisted the king at the treaty of Newport in the Isle of Wight. In March 1648-9, he prepared the brave lord Capel for death, and accompanied him to the scaffold ou Tower-bill.

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In 1649 he left England, and waited upon king Charles II. at the Hague, who received him very graciously, and carried him first into France, and afterwards to Breda, with him. But, the king not being permitted to take his own divines with him, when he set out upon his expedition to Scotland, in June 1650, Morley withdrew to the Hague; and, after a short stay there, went and lived with his friend Dr. John Earle at Antwerp, in the house of sir Charles Cotterel. After they had thus continued about a year together, sir Charles being invited to be steward to the queen of Bohemia, and Dr. Earle to attend upon James duke of York in France, Morley then removed into the family of the lady Frances Hyde, wife of sir Edward Hyde, in the same city of Antwerp; and during his residence there, which was three or four years, he read the service of the Church of England twice every day, catechised