Trinity. The Montanists held all second marriages to be unlawful, asserting that although the apostle Paul permitted them, it was because he "only knew in part, and prophesied in part;" but that, since the Holy Spirit had been poured upon Montanus and his prophetesses, they were not to be permitted any longer. But the capital doctrines of the Montanists are these: "God," they say, "was first pleased to save the world, under the Old Testament, from eternal damnation by Moses and the prophets. When these agents proved ineffectual, he assumed flesh and blood of the Virgin Mary, and died for us in Christ, under the person of the Son. When the salvation of the world was not effected yet, he descended lastly upon Montanus, Priscilla, and Maximilla, into whom he infused that fulness of his Holy Spirit, which had not been vouchsafed to the apostle Paul; for, Paul only knew in part, and prophesied in part." These doctrines gained ground very fast; and Montanus soon found himself surrounded with a tribe of people, who would probably have been ready to acknowledge his pretensions, if they had been higher. To add to his influence over their minds, he observed a wonderful strictness and severity of discipline, was a man of mortification, and of an apparently most sanctified spirit. He disclaimed all innovations in the grand articles of faith; and only pretended to perfect what was left unfinished by the saints. By these means he supported for a long time the character of a most holy, mortified, and divine person, and the world became much interested in the visions and prophecies of him and his two damsels Priscilla and Maximilla; and thus the face of severity and saintship consecrated their reveries, and made real possession pass for inspiration. Several good men immediately embraced the delusion, particularly Tertullian, Alcibiades, and Theodotus, who, however, did not wholly approve of Montanus's extravagancies; but the churches of Phrygia, and afterwards other churches, grew divided upon the account of these new revelations; and, for some time, even the bishop of Rome cherished the imposture. Of the time or manner of Montanus's death we have no certain account. It has been asserted, but without proof, that he and his coadjutress Maximilla were suicides.'

1 Mosheim.-Cave, vol. I,—Lardner's Works.

MONTANUS (BENEDICT ARIAS), a very learned Spaniard, was born at Frexenel, in Estremadura, in 1527, and was the son of a notary. He studied in the university of Alcala, where he made great proficiency in the learned languages. Having taken the habit of the Benedictines, he accompanied, in 1562, the bishop of Segovia to the council of Trent, where he first laid the foundation of his celebrity. On his return to Spain, he retired to a hermitage situated on the top of a rock, near Aracena, where it was his intention to have devoted his life to meditation, but Philip II. persuaded him to leave this retreat, and become editor of a new Polyglot, which was to be printed by Christopher Plantin at Antwerp. On this employment he spent four years, from 1568 to 1572, and accomplished this great work in 8 volumes folio. The types were cast by the celebrated William Lebé, whom Plantin had invited from Paris for this purpose. This Polyglot, besides what is given in the Alcala Bible, contains the Chaldaic paraphrases, a Syriac version of the New Testament, in Syriac and Hebrew characters, with a Latin translation, &c, While Montanus was beginning to enjoy the reputation to which his labours in this work so well entitled him, Leo de Castro, professor of oriental languages at Salamanca, accused him before the inquisitions of Rome and Spain, as having altered the text of the holy Scriptures, and confirmed the prejudices of the Jews by his Chaldaic paraphrases. In consequence of this, Montanus was obliged to take several journies to Rome, to justify himself, which he did in the most satisfactory manner. Being thus restored, Philip II. offered him a bishopric; but he preferred his former retirement in the hermitage at Aracena, where he hoped to finish his days. There he constructed a winter and a summer habitation, and laid out a pleasant garden, &c.; but had scarcely accomplished these comforts, when Philip II. again solicited him to return to the world, and accept the office of librarian to the Escurial, and teach the oriental languages. At length he was permitted to retire to Seville, where he died in 1598, aged seventy-one.

Arias was one of the most learned divines of the sixteenth century. He was a master of the Hebrew, Chaldaic, Sy+ riac, Arabic, and Greek and Latin languages, and spoke fluently in German, French, and Portuguese. He was sober, modest, pious, and indefatigable. His company was sought by the learned, the great, and the pious; and his

conversation was always edifying. Besides the Antwerp Polyglot, he was the author of, 1. "Index correctorius Lib. Theologicorum, Catholici regis authoritate editus," Antwerp, 1571, 4to. 2. "Commentaria in duodecim prophetas minores," ibid. 1571, 4to; reprinted 1582. 3. "Elucidationes in quatuor Evangelia & in Act. Apost." ibid. 1575, 4to. 4. "Elucidationes in omnia S. S. apostolorum scripta, &c." ibid. 1588, 4to. 5. "De optimo inperio, sive in Librum Josue commentarius," ibid. 1583. 6. "De varia Republica, sive Comment. in librum Judicum," ibid. 1592,

4to.

7. "Antiquitatum Judaicarum, lib. novem," Leyden, 1593. 8. "Liber generationis et regenerationis Adam, sive historia generis humani," Antwerp, 1593, 4to; a second part in 1601. 9. "Davidis, aliorumque Psalmi ex Heb. in Lat. carmen conversi," ibid. 1574, 4to. 10. "Commentarii in triginta priores Psalmos," ibid. 1605 with a few other works enumerated by Antonio and Niceron.'

MONTANUS, or DA MONTE (JOHN BAPTIST), was an Italian physician of so much reputation, that he was regarded by his countrymen as a second Galen. He was born at Verona in 1488, of the noble family of Monte in. Tuscany, and sent to Padua by his father, to study the civil law. But his bent lay towards physic; which, how-, ever, though he made a vast progress in it, so displeased his father, that he entirely withdrew from him all support. He therefore travelled abroad, and practised physic in several cities with success, and increased his reputation among the learned, as an orator and poet. He lived some time at Rome, with cardinal Hyppolitus; then removed to Venice; whence, having in a short time procured a competency, he retired to Padua. Here, within two years after his arrival, he was preferred by the senate to the professor's chair; and he was so attached to the republic, which was always kind to him, that, though tempted with liberal offers from the emperor, Charles V. Francis I. of France, and Cosmo duke of Tuscany, he retained his situation. He was greatly afflicted with the stone in his latter days, and died in 1551. He was the author of many works part of which were published by himself, and part by his pupil John Crato after his death. They were, however, principally comments upon the ancients, and illustrations of their theories; and

1 Antonio Bibl. Hisp.-Biog. Universelle in Arias.-Dupie.-Niceron, vol. XXVIII.-Foppen Bibl. Belg.-Saxii Onomasticon.

have therefore ceased to be of importance, since the originals have lost their value. He translated into Latin the works of Aëtius, which he published at the desire of cardinal Hyppolitus. He also translated into Latin verse the poem of Museus; and made translations of the Argonautics attributed to Orpheus, and of Lucian's Tragopodagra.'

MONTBELIARD (PHILIBERT-GUENEAU), a French naturalist, was born in 1720, at Semur, in Auxois. He spent the early part of his youth at Dijon, and afterwards came to Paris, where he made himself known as a man of science. He continued with reputation, the "Collection Academique," a periodical work, which gave a view of every thing interesting contained in the "Memoirs" of the different learned societies in Europe. He was chosen by Buffon to be his associate in his great work on natural history, and the continuation of his ornithology was committed to him. He is described by Buffon, "as of all men, the person whose manner of seeing, judging, and writing, was most conformable to his own." When the class of birds was finished, Montbeliard undertook that of insects, relative to which he had already furnished several articles to the New Encyclopedia, but his progress was cut short by his death, which took place at Semur, Nov. 28,' 1785.2

MONTE. See M'ONTANUS.

MONTECUCULI (RAYMOND DE), a very celebrated Austrian general, was born in 1608, of a distinguished family in the Modenese, Ernest Montecuculi, his uncle, who was general of artillery in the imperial troops, made him pass through all the military ranks, before he was raised to that of comniander. The young man's first exploit was in 1634, when at the head of 2000 horse, he surprised 10,000 Swedes who were besieging Nemeslaw,' in Silesia, and took thei: baggage and artillery; but he was shortly after defeated and made prisoner by general Bannier. Having obtained his liberty at the end of two years, he joined his forces to those of J. de Wert, in Bohemia, and conquered general Wrangel, who was killed in the battle. In 1627, the e mperor appointed Montecuculi marechal de camp general, and sent him to assist John Casimir, king of Poland, He defeated Razolzi, prince of Transylvania, drove or at the Swedes, and distinguished

Eloy Dict. Hist, de Medecine.

Dict. Hist.

himself greatly against the Turks in Transylvania, and in Hungary, by gaining the battle of St. Gothard, in 1664. Montecuculi commanded the imperial forces against -France in 1673, and acquired great honour. from the capture of Bonn, which was preceded by a march, conducted with many stratagems to deceive M. Turenne. The command of this army was nevertheless taken from him the year following, but he received it again in 1675, that he might oppose the great Turenne, on the Rhine. Montecuculi had soon to bewail the death of this formidable enemy, on whom he bestowed the highest encomiums: "I lament," said he, " and I can never too much lament, the loss of a man who appeared more than man; one who did honour to human nature." The great prince of Condé was the only person who could contest with Montecuculi, the superiority which M. de Turenne's death gave him. That prince was therefore sent to the Rhine, and stopped the imperial general's progress, who nevertheless considered this last campaign as his most glorious one; not because he was a conqueror, but because he was not conquered by two such opponents as Turenne and Condé. He spent the remainder of his life at the emperor's court, devoting himself to the belles lettres; and the academy of naturalists owes its establishment to him. He died October 16, 1680, at Linez, aged seventy-two. This great general left some very excellent " Memoires" on the military art; the best French edition of which is that of Strasburg, 1735; to which that of Paris, 1746, 12mo, is similar.

1

MONTE-MAYOR (GEORGE DE), a celebrated Castillian poet, was born at Monte-mayor, whence he took his name, probably in the early part of the sixteenth century, one authority says in 1520.It is thought he owed his reputation more to genius than study; in his early years he was in the army, and amidst the engagements of a military life, cultivated music and poetry. He appears to have afterwards obtained an employment, on account of his mu→ sical talents, in the suite of Philip II.; and was also patronized by queen Catherine, sister to the emperor Charles V. He died in the prime of life in 1562. His reputation now rests on his "Diana," a pastoral romance, which has always been admired on the continent, and translated into various languages. The last edition of the original is that