Pappan; and this remarkable brevity of limb, combined with the conspicuous differences in the skull and sundry other distinctions, can scarcely be considered otherwise than as indicative of specifical peculiarity.

Of the five Rambis sent, there is unfortunately no specimen of a male of the largest size comparable to that of which the skull is described in my former memoir; but there are two large full-grown females (including that ticketed Mias Chapin), and also a fullgrown female of smaller dimensions (which was labelled M. Pappan); with a male of superior age and stature to the male Pappan presented formerly by Mr. Nicholls; and also a young male with the last molars brought into wear, but which, nevertheless, had not nearly attained its full growth, which bade fair to rival that of the gigantic Sumatran male already noticed.

The specimen to which the name Mias Chapin was attached, appears (as already mentioned) to be a large old female Rambi, very remarkable for the enormous size and vertically elongated form of its orbital cavities, which measure 2 in. by nearly 1 in. across. Its skull is larger, though less massive, than that of the female Rambi figured in my former memoir: the muzzle is conspicuously more slender, measuring but 2 in. in greatest width (outside the canines), instead of 23 in.; and whereas the coronoid process of the lower jaw in the former specimen is smaller and about on a level with the condyle, in the present example (labelled Chapin) the posterior or condyle process is unusually prolonged, and raises the skull (with lower jaw in situ) so remarkably that, placing it on a level surface together with the other skull noticed, the zygoma of the so-called Chapin not only overlaps that of the other, but its lower edge is about in. higher than the upper edge of the zygoma of the other specimen; the nasal bones, which in the other are united and ascend to the very summit of the glabella, in this skull continue separate, and reach only to the lower portion of the glabella. This skeleton is very deficient, wanting the sacrum and most of the bones of the hands and feet; but all of the long bones are present, with the shoulder-blades and rest of the pelvis; the epiphyses being completely soldered. The limb-bones are even rather longer than in the great female Pappan, and in fact exceed in length those of any other of our full-grown specimens; the humerus measuring 15 in., the ulna (to tip of styloid process) 15 in., femur 11 in., and tibia 10 in., circumference of middle of trunk of humerus 34 in., and of femur 23 in. The few digital bones seem to accord in dimensions with the corresponding bones of our male Pappan. The extreme length of the scapula is 83 in., and of pelvis 10 in., clavicle 8 in. This

*

* In Prof. Owen's figure of a female Rambi skull (“Zool. Trans.,” i. pl. xxxv.), the condyle process is similarly elongated.

specimen is marked as having been procured in Sadong (in Borneo).

The next specimen, which was erroneously marked Pappan, we consider to be a small female Rambi, though fully mature and even old, as shown by the almost complete obliteration of the cranial sutures, the anchylosis of the various epiphyses, and the amount of attrition of all the teeth. The cranial ridges are very small; and the sagittal crest is hardly at all raised, but nevertheless exhibits a tendency to rise along the median line of the skull, between the frontal ridges which converge from the temples, and to be prolonged in front, anterior to the convergence of the latter, which takes place unusually far back; the nasal bones are united and singularly minute, actually not rising so high as the wide part of the orbital cavities; and the latter are small and circular, measuring barely 1 in. every way. The skull considerably resembles that of the female Rambi formerly figured, only that the sagittal crest is so much smaller; the zygomata being also more raised (in consequence of the greater prolongation of the condyle process of the lower jaw); and the orbits are smaller and more circular, and surmounted by much slighter ridges: consequently the face is flatter, and the sockets of the incisors are also less protruded. The skeleton is unfortunately very imperfect, wanting most of the bones of the hands and feet, and one tibia and fibula; a portion of the lower jaw, with the canine, first premolar, and part of the second, is also lost; but the other long bones are present, and the pelvis is complete. Length of humerus but 13 in., of ulna 13 in., of femur 10g in., and of tibia 9 in.; circumference of middle of humerus 2 in., and of femur 2 in., metacarpal bone of middle finger 313 in., metatarsal of corresponding toe 3 in., os calcis 2 in. Total length of scapula (with acromion) 1 in., and of pelvis 9 in.; extreme breadth apart of the ilia (or hips) 10 in., clavicle 6 in. This specimen also is marked from Sadong, in Borneo.

The third female Rambi is of large size and fully mature, with the various epiphyses well soldered; but it has even less trace of sagittal crest than the last; the frontal ridges meeting as far back upon the skull, but not quite uniting, and a small mesial ridge rising between them above the vertex; the orbits are moderately large and a little elongated vertically, measuring 1 by in.; and the nasal bones are united and ascend a little into the glabella. Size about that of the first specimen (marked Chapin), but the muzzle rather broader, or 211 in. This specimen is nearly perfect, but the face is disfigured by a bullet which had knocked away the inner half of the right orbit and a tolerably large piece from the occiput, which fragments are lost. Length of humerus 14 in., ulna 15 in., femur 11 in., tibia 10 in. ; circumference of middle of trunk of humerus 3 in., and of femur

1 13

2 in.; metacarpal bone of second or middle finger 4 in., first phalanx of ditto 3 in., second phalanx 11 in.; metacarpal bone of thumb 2 in., first phalanx of ditto 118 in.; metartarsal bone of middle toe 313 in., first phalanx of ditto 3 in., second phalanx 13 in.; metatarsal bone of hallux 21 in., first phalanx of ditto 13 in., and unguinal (!) 1 in.; total length of scapula 9 in., clavicle 7 in., extreme left of pelvis 11 in., and extreme breadth of ilia 12 in.

16

The two remaining Rambis are males, and the first to be noticed is a young animal, whose skull had obviously not attained its full dimensions, though the last true molars had been brought into wear; but the general massiveness of this skull indicates that the animal would probably have become a male of the largest size. The sagittal crest had begun to rise on a grand scale, and the frontal ridges converge directly to it, although these are scarcely indicated for in. before their junction. The teeth are more crowded than in the full-grown animal; the interspace between the upper canine and outer incisor, which in our large Sumatran male is in., being scarcely in.; and the first false molar, instead of being completely posterior to the canine, advances considerably on its outer surface posteriorly; in the lower jaw, also there is a bony interspace between the canine and first false molar in the large mature male, but not in the adolescent male; nasals partially anchylosed, and continued upward to the lower part of the glabella; epiphyses of the humeri considerably anchylosed, and also those of the tibiæ and fibulæ, but not of the radii and ulnæ. This skeleton also is tolerably complete. Length of humerus 149 in., of ulna 13 in., of femur 10 in., and of tibia 9 in.; circumference of middle of trunk of humerus 215 in., and of femur 2 in.; metacarpal bone of middle finger (the epiphyses beginning to anchylose) 3 in., first phalanx of ditto 2 in., second phalanx 17 in.; metacarpal of thumb 1 in.; metatarsal of middle toe 3 in., first phalanx of ditto 2 in., second 1ğ in.; metatarsal of hallux 17 in., clavicle 6 in.; extreme length of scapula (minus epiphysis) 7 in., of pelvis (with ischial but not iliar epiphysis) 9 in.; and extreme breadth at the hips, 10 in.

9

The next is a mature male; but certainly not of the largest dimensions, being about the size of the great females already described, and not otherwise recognizable from them than by the general massiveness of the skull (which is remarked at the first glance), and less conspicuously than usual in the present instance, by the form of the pelvis. The superciliary ridges are much broader than in any female skull, and the zygomata equally robust; the sagittal crest is also broad and well developed, nasals distinct and reaching up to the lower part of the glabella. Skeleton tolerably complete, wanting most of the unguinal phalanges and

16

11

some other small bones. Length of humerus 143 in., of ulna (with loose epiphysis) 15 in., of femur 11 in., tibia 9 in.; circumference of middle of trunk of humerus 3 in., and of femur 2 in.; metacarpal bone of middle finger 4 in, first phalanx of ditto 3 in., second phalanx 11 in.; metacarpal of thumb 13 in., first phalanx 1 in.; metatarsal of middle toe 4 in., first phalanx of ditto 21 in., second phalanx 1 in.; metatarsal of hallux 2 in., clavicle 7 in., scapula 8 in.; pelvis, 10 in. in extreme length, and 113 in. broad at the hips. This specimen was marked Mias Rambi by Sir J. Brooke, and is also from Sadong, in Borneo, the three skeletons received from Sadong having unfortunately been prepared by interment in the ground, and the present being the most complete of them, and otherwise the least injured.

We now come to the female Pappan already noticed, which though of greater size than the male described on a former occasion, with considerably longer and broader pelvis, has nevertheless a smaller skull, less prominently developed jaws, and conspicuously smaller teeth; the zygomatic arch is shorter and a little weaker than in the male; but the superciliary ridges and width of the bony orbits are much the same, and in fact there is little further difference between the two skulls; the bony crests on the vertex are less prominent in the female, and they approach to within in. of each other; whereas in the male they remain I in. apart where most approximated; length of base of skull, from between the middle incisors to the anterior margin of the occipital foramen, 67 in. in the male, and 6 in. in the female; breadth of zygomata apart 6 in. in both. This skeleton is also nearly perfect. Length of humerus 15 in., of ulna 15ğ in., femur 111 in., tibia 10g in., circumference of middle of trunk of humerus 3 in., of femur 3 in., metacarpal bone of middle finger 4 in., first phalanx 3 in., second 113 in., metacarpal bone of one thumb 2 in., of the other somewhat less, and bearing a very short first phalanx, only in.; metatarsal bone of middle toe 4 in., first phalanx 3 in., second 1 in.; metatarsal of hallux 2 in., clavicle 7 in., scapula 8 in. in extreme length, and pelvis 10ģ in. long, and 11 in. broad at the hips.

I

Lastly, we arrive at the new species, which may be designated PITHECUS CURTUS. It is perhaps the genuine Mias Chapin of the Dyaks. The specimen is decidedly male, and well advanced. in years; and the skull has a more anthropoid appearance than that of any other Orang known. This chiefly results from the much reduced prolongation of the muzzle, while the cheek-bones project remarkably, giving a sort of Kalmuk expression to the skull! The absolute projection of the maxilla, in a horizontal line carried from the lower margin of the orbital ring, is in our large Sumatran male Rambi skull fully 3 in.; in the male Pappan

it is about the same; in the female Pappan 2 in.; in the old female Kassar (a much smaller animal) about 24 in.; and in the great male CURTUS barely 2 in.! Extreme breadth of zygomata 7 in.; height of the skull, with lower jaw in situ, 11 in.; length, in a straight line, from the summit of orbital cavity to between the incisors, 44 in. (the same measurement being in the male Rambi 5 in., and in the male Pappan 4 in.); length from occipital foramen to base of upper incisors 6 in. (in the male Rambi 7 in., and male Pappan 63 in.); length of bony palate 3 in. (in the others 3 in. and 3 in.); orbital cavities 1 by 1 in. across; extreme width of bony orbits apart externally 5 in.; extreme breadth of ascending ramus of lower jaw 33 in.; height of the condyle 4 in.; length of grinding surface of the upper molars 21 in. The skeleton is fortunately nearly perfect. Extreme length of humerus 131 in., ulna 143 in., femur 10 in., tibia 9 in.; circumference of middle of trunk of humerus 31 in., of femur 23 in. (length and circumference of humerus of old female Kassar 123 and 24 in. ; ditto of femur 93 in. and 24 in.); length of metacarpal bone of middle finger 3 in., first phalanx of ditto 21 in., second 115 in.; metacarpal bone of thumb 21 in., first phalanx 1 in.; metatarsal bone of middle toe 31 in., first phalanx 2 in., second 1 in.; metatarsal bone of hallux 2 in.; clavicle 6 in.; extreme length of scapula 83 in., of pelvis 10 in.; and breadth at the hips 11 in. Length of the vertebral column, from atlas to sacrum, measured internally, 16 in.; in the scarcely full-grown male Pappan 171⁄2 in., and in the old female Kassar 15 in.; axis-vertebra soldered to the next. As compared with the Rambi and Pappan, the metacarpals and metatarsals are shorter, and the first phalanges of the fingers and toes are longer.*

With the grand series of skulls and skeletons of adult Orangutans now subjected to examination, amounting to twelve in all (viz., three males and four females of PITHECUS BROOKEI Or Mias Rambi, one male and one old female of P. SATYRUS or M. Pappan, one old male of P. CURTUS or M. Chapin (?), an old female of the P. MORIO Or M. Kassar, and the adolescent female with short forearms, provisionally designated P. OWENII, in addition to Professor

* A friend who has resided long in Borneo, and has examined numerous skulls of Orang-utans (including those which have passed through the hands of Sir J. Brooke), informs me that he has remarked that, in the adult and aged specimens of the Rambi and Pappan, the canines are always perfect; whereas in those of the small Kassar they are as regularly broken or worn down to about a level with the incisors. This remark is borne out by the series of skulls now under examination. The canines are long and unbroken in all the specimens of the Rambi and Pappan, and are ground down in the old female Kassar, and also in the old male P. CURTUS; denoting probably a difference of food. Moreover, the same gentleman informs me that different species of these animals do not appear to inhabit the same district, and he thinks that the P. OWENII represents in the southern part of the great island the P. MORIO of the northern part.