The nearly perfect skeleton now presented to the Society by Mr. Nicholls is that of a fully mature Bornean female (?) of the Mias Pappan, in which the strongly developed lamdoidal ridges of the skull do not unite upon the vertex to form a single sagittal crest, but continue an inch apart where most approximated. The size of the skull is fully equal, or even somewhat superior, to that of our aged female skull of a Mias Rambi from Borneo; but is inferior to that of our Sumatran male of the Mias Rambi. The skull is perfect, except that part of the face appears to have been shot away-viz., the uppermost portion of the right superior maxillary from the orbit to the nasal orifice, with parts of the adjacent malar, lachrymal, and nasal bones of the same side; and the supra-orbital ridge of the left frontal is diseased, with portions of bone exfoliating away. The vertebral column is complete, excepting the two last small coccygeal bones. The ribs and sternal series are also complete, and the great bones of the limbs; but many of the smaller bones of the latter are unfortunately missing. Thus, of the right hand there are wanting the scaphoid and the five unguinal phalanges. Of the left hand there also are wanting the five unguinal phalanges, the medial thumb-phalanx, and the cuneiform bone of the wrist. Of the right foot are wanting the os calcis astragalus and navicular bone, four unguinal phalanges (the terminal phalanx of the hallux remaining), the penultimate phalanx of the finger-toe next to the hallux, and the penultimate and ante-penultimate phalanges of that farthest from the hallux, corresponding to the human little toe. And of the left foot there are only the astragalus, and the digital bones, excepting the metatarsal of the digit next to the hallux, and the unguinal phalanges of the outer three toes.* The patellæ are also lost.

This valuable skeleton affords us the means of demonstrating, from adult specimens in our museum, the existence of the three species of Bornean Orang-utan indicated by Sir J. Brooke; and most probably we possess a fourth in the mounted skin and complete skeleton of the adolescent female, resembling PITHECUS MORIO in size, but having a much shorter fore-arm and more anthropoid conformation of skull. We have also (provisionally) identified Dr. Clarke Abel's Sumatran Orang-utan with the Mias Pappan of Borneo, to which the specific name SATYRUS is here proposed to be restricted; and we have referred Prof. Owen's

Orang also prove a good species, the name OWENII bestowed on it would be a fitting compliment to the eminent zoologist who has devoted so much attention to the study of the great anthropoid apes.

Accordingly, but one unguinal phalanx remains, which articulates with the digit next to the hallux of the left foot. The terminal phalanx of each hallux exhibits a peculiar structure, and represents the ordinary penultimate (and not the unguinal) phalanx; so that this Bornean Pappan differs herein from Abel's Sumatran Pappan, which possessed a well-developed unguinal phalanx and nail to the opposable hallux or great toe.

P. WURMBII and P. ABELII to the Mias Rambi of Borneo, which also should therefore be common to the two islands. The small P. MORIO, So far as hitherto known, is peculiar to Borneo ; and it now remains to ascertain whether there be not two small species confounded under this, two small as well as two large species of these animals. It is only recently that a great and a small species of Chimpanzee have likewise been discriminated and completely established by Prof. Owen and Dr. Kneeland.*

The three Bornean species of Orang of Sir J. Brooke (at least two of which would appear likewise to inhabit Sumatra) are more different from each other in the appearance of the adult skull than the lion, tiger, and leopard are among cats; yet with the exception of the bony ridges, which in the MORIO are merely indicated (exhibiting the direction which they assume in the Mias Pappan), I have been unable to detect any difference of structure between the skulls of the two great species which may denote other than slight individual variation. In general, the form and size of our Mias Pappan skull are intermediate to those of our (Sumatran) male and (Bornean) female Mias Rambi skulls; and the nasal orifice of the former is comparatively small. But how slight is the difference between the skulls even of the lion and tiger among cats confined to a straighter profile on the part of the lion, and to the fact that the nasals extend back beyond the suture of the maxillaries in the tiger skull, while they fall short of that suture in the lion skull! †

* Vide "Trans. Zool. Soc." iii. 381, and "Ann. Mag. N. H.," July 1852, p. 23 et seq.

An analogous diversity perhaps exists in the skulls of the Mias Rambi and Mias Pappan, which, if it prove constant, will be of service in enabling us to determine to which of these species immature skulls showing large permanent molars should be referred. In our adult male and female Mias Rambi heads, and also in one juvenile skull taken from a stuffed specimen of a half-grown male without a sign of cheek callosities in our museum, the united nasal bones extend upward to the summit of the glabella between the supraorbital ridges; whereas in our Mias Pappan skull, and also in both (species?) of our Mias Kassar, the united nasal bones extend upward but little beyond the maxillary suture, and the same in three immature skulls with large permanent molars in course of development, which should therefore represent the young of the Mias Pappan.

It remains, however, to ascertain how far this distinction may prove constant. We have in all five stuffed specimens of Orangs, viz. :-1. Dr. Clarke Abel's Sumatran male Pappan; 2. Mr. Apcar's adolescent female Kassar (?) with short fore-arm; 3. A young female Kassar (?) with small permanent grinders appearing, and similar proportion of arm and fore-arm to last; 4. A very young Mias (?); and 5. The young male Mias Rambi (?) before referred to. Colour of No. 5, a darkish ferruginous, deepest on the crown, paler and more rufous on the shoulders and back, and also the whiskers; hands and feet small, as in the Mias Kassar. Colour of No. 3, a lightish ferruginous, deepening on the arms, and darkest on the crown and between the shoulders. It would seem that the various species, however distinct in form of skull, are not to be very readily distinguished when prepared as stuffed specimens, unless, indeed, we had adults of each for comparison.

From the form of the pelvis, and from the inferior longitudinal extent of the molar series as compared with that of the lower jaw of Dr. Clarke Abel's Sumatran male Pappan, also from the inferior size of the hand and foot as compared with these members in Dr. Abel's specimen, I have considered the skeleton of a Pappan now presented by Mr. Nicholls to be that of a female animal; but not without considerable hesitation.* We have no male pelvis of an adult Orang for comparison; but two of undoubted females of the small species, and one of these (that of the animal which passed its life in close captivity) is singularly narrow, and probably differs little from a male pelvis. The skeletons of adult Mias Rambi and of adult of the small Chimpanzee figured by Prof. Owen in the first volume of the "Transactions of the Zoological Society," are also those of females; and Mr. Owen gives 5 in. 5 1. as the antero-posterior diameter, and 4 in. as the transverse diameter of the pelvic aperture of his adult female Mias Rambi, the corresponding diameters of the pelvic aperture of our Mias Pappan being 5 in. and 4 in., in our aged female Mias Kassar 41⁄2 and 3 in., and in our adolescent female with the comparatively short fore-arms 4 and 2 in. (!); which last are probably the permanent male proportions, to which I suppose Dr. Kneeland refers when he mentions "the narrow elongated shape of the Orang's pelvis." †

XXXIV.

FURTHER REMARKS ON THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF ORANG-UTAN.

By EDWARD BLYTH, Esq.

["Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal," vol. xxiv. pp. 518–528.] OUR museum having received from Sir James Brooke, of Sarawak, the superb donation of seven skeletons of large adult Orang-utans, I hasten to communicate the results of my examination of them, as a sequel to my former memoir on the genus published in the twenty-second volume of the Society's Journal.

Of these seven skeletons, five are referable to the Mias Rambi of Sir J. Brooke; although one of them (a small but full-grown female) is marked by himself M. Pappan; and another is sent

* Mr. Nicholls states in a letter: "I obtained the skeleton which I sent, through others, and therefore cannot be certain about its sex ; but, if I remember right, it was given me as that of a male Pappan, full grown, but not aged, and with a very broad face."

"Ann. Mag. N. H.," July 1852, p. 27.

by the new name M. Chapin, which is also that of an old female animal, remarkable for its extraordinarily large and vertically elongated orbits. It is probable that this alleged Chapin merely represents an individual variation; and Sir J. Brooke states, in his letter announcing the presentation, that some of these skeletons had been labelled by him with the names specified by natives, who accordingly (as may be supposed in such a case) are not particularly conversant with the osteological distinctions of the different species.

The sixth skeleton is that of an old female of the Mias Pappan, with double-crested skull like that of the male figured in illustration of my former memoir. It even exceeds that male in size, but the skull is smaller; and the sexual distinctions of the two are unmistakable. In this female the epiphyses of the limb-bones, scapula, ilia, &c., are thoroughly anchylosed, denoting completion of growth; even the symphyses pubis is united (with much irregular deposition of bone externally), and the sacro-iliac symphysis on the right side only. In no other of our Orang skeletons are the two latter symphyses united. Our male Pappan had not quite completed his growth, for some of the epiphyses are loose, and others are but partially soldered; those of the humeri are fixed and semianchylosed, as are also those of the left radius and ulna; but the epiphyses of the right radius and ulna are detached; those of the scapula and ilia are fixed but slightly, and those of the ischia more extensively. This animal had therefore (as will be attempted to be shown presently) not completed its full growth, the female being much more advanced in age, with its teeth proportionally worn down. On comparison of the skulls of the two sexes, that of the female is seen to be smaller, with the maxillæ less protruded, increasing the facial angle from 32° to 35°; the zygomatic arch is much less robust; and the longitudinal grinding surface of the upper molars less by in., while that of the lower molars is less by in. than in the youthful male presented by Mr. Nicholls, and by in. than in Dr. Clarke Abel's Sumatran male. In the form of the ascending ramus of the lower jaw this female specimen more nearly resembles the Sumatran male referred to than any other of our numerous specimens; but the condyle is considerably larger; and, as compared with Mr. Nicholls' Bornean male, the antero-posterior diameter of the ascending angle is much less; being in the Bornean male (on a level with the surface of the grinders), 2 in., in Abel's Sumatran male but 2 in., and in Sir J. Brooke's Bornean female 2 in. Lastly, this Bornean female presents the very extraordinary anomaly (throughout the series of placental mammalia) of a fourth true molar above and below, though on the left side only, that of the upper jaw being of small size and round form, its crown scarcely exceeding that of an upper false molar of Macacus rhesus, and it is placed posteriorly

to the ordinary last true molar on a line with its outer surface, that tooth having been pressed a little inward; in the lower jaw the accessory fourth true molar is very little smaller than the normal molars; and it projects from the internal margin of the anterior surface of the ascending angle of the jaw, its crown being directed obliquely inwards much more than forwards or upwards; as a functional tooth it must therefore have been almost useless, though the outer or upper margin of its crown is a little worn down by attrition, as is also the outer cusp of the small accessory molar above. This old female Pappan had been badly wounded in its day, having had its left humerus severely fractured, and the fibula of that side also broken, the fractured bones having healed; the unset humerus, however, in an extraordinary manner exhibiting two large and deep perforations in the great lumpy mass of united bone where suppuration had ensued, and large shot had probably been ultimately discharged from the orifices.

new.

The seventh skeleton is that of a species altogether distinct and Although that of a large old male, with the cranial sutures much obliterated, and the anchylosis of the epiphyses of its limbbones complete, it is very remarkable for the comparatively slight protrusion of the jaws, and the consequently increased facial angle; apparently, however, to a greater extent than really, from the flatness of the face, the unusually slight protrusion of the sockets of the upper incisors, and, above all, the elevation of the condyle of the lower jaw raising so considerably the occipital portion of the skull and consequently the auditory orifice. The facial angle does not actually exceed 32°; while in the two Rambis (male and female) figured in my former memoir it is as low as 30° (this being also Professor Owen's estimate of his adult skulls of the Rambi). The zygomata (or cheek-bones) are unusually prominent. The canines, incisors, and the first three upper molars on each side are exceedingly much worn down by attrition, the canines even to a level with the other teeth; but the circumference of these canines, especially in the lower jaw, is conspicuously less than in males and even large females of the Rambi and Pappan, though they are proportionally larger than in the Kassar. It is further remarkable that the frontal ridges of the skull, instead of uniting upon the vertex to form a single sagittal crest (as in the Rambi), or continuing separate and well apart throughout (as in the Pappan), approach to contact upon the vertex, but without uniting, which is very likely to prove a constant and specifical distinction, as the present old male shows much irregular deposition of bone externally to its contiguously double sagittal crest. The long bones of the limbs, though fully as stout as in the Rambi and Pappan, and about twice as stout as those of our old female Kassar, yet probably do not exceed the corresponding bones of the full-grown male Kassar in length, being very much shorter than those of the adult Rambi and