NOTES.

APOLOGIA SOCRATIS.

Α. Ο τι . . . Kaτηуóρwv. In what manner you have been 17 affected by my accusers, i. e. by their harangues, which had immediately preceded the defence of Socrates. Since пеñóνðaте denotes the receiving of an action, it is followed by úπò, as if it were a passive verb. C. 556; K. 249, 3; Mt. 496, 3.* So úπ' avrov just below; and in like manner ab in Latin. The accusers or prosecutors of Socrates were three, Anytus, 18 B., Meletus, 19 B., and Lycon, 23 E.-☎ avdpes 'A≈nvaîol. The trial of Socrates took place before the Helixa, the most numerous and popular, and, at that time, by far the most important court at Athens, which consisting in all of 6,000 Athenian citizens (though they usually administered justice in sections of 500 each), and being also often thronged by spectators from the populace, its members might well be addressed by the same honorable title as the members of the popular assembly, & avopes 'A≈ŋvaîol, instead of the more distinctive title & avdpes dikaσтaí. The 6,000 Heliasts were a majority of the adult citizens of Athens. Cf. Wachsmuth's His. Ant. Sec. 47. On the constitution of this court see, besides Wachsmuth, Meier's Attic Process, Smith's Dict. of Antiqq., and

*C. stands for Crosby's Grammar; K. for Kühner's Middle Grammar; and Mt. for Matthiæ's, second edition.

=

Grote's Hist. of Greece, vol. iv. chap. 31. On the compliment implied in the title 'A≈ŋvaios, cf. 29 D.- -d'ovv. But then, however that may be.—¿λiyov, sc. deiv, literally, to want little almost. C. 622; Mt. 355, obs. 2. Cf. ¿λiyov deîv, 22, A.———¿μavтoù éteλazóμŋv, forgot myself, i. e. my true character.—-&s ἔπος εἰπεῖν limits οὐδὲν εἰρήκασι, and is designed to qualify, or apologize for, that otherwise absolute negation of all truth in his accusers: they have said, so to speak, nothing that is true at least. Cf. Stallbaum in loc., and Gorg. 450 B, also Woolsey, ibid.αὐτῶν ἓν ἐξαύμασα, etc. most wondered at of the many falsehoods which they stated, viz. this. avtov relates to persons and is the gen. of the possessor, while τâν πоv is the partitive gen. after the same word év. Cf. Stallbaum ad loc.

One thing of theirs I

B. xpîv. Al. xpη. But the imperf. ind. implies the nonperformance of the duty: you ought to have been on your guard, as you have not been. Mt. 505, obs.; K. 260, R. 3.

-¿έañaтŋîîтe. The subj. follows the past tense of the ind. (xpĥv) to denote that the danger of being deceived still continued: you ought to have been on your guard, and ought still to be, lest you be deceived. C. 602; K. 345, 5; Mt. 518, 1.

μὴ αἰσχυνθῆναι. μή rather than οὐ regularly accompanies the inf., because the inf., from its very nature, usually denotes a mere conception: that they should not be ashamed. C. 647; K. 318, 4; Mt. 608, 5.- -ÖTL= because.- pyw, by the fact, the actual trial.- -μηd опWσтιoûν. Observe the emphasis: not even in any way whatever.aiTwv, of them, or in them. ei μǹ apa= nisi forte, unless perchance. Often used ironically: unless forsooth. K. 324, a.- -λέγειν depends on δεινὸν == = porerful (literally, terrible) to speak.el... λéyovou may be λέγουσιν rendered, if they mean this.- οὐ κατὰ τούτους, not after their example. He would acknowledge, that he was an orator according to that definition, but not according to their exempli.

fication of it, since they, as he proceeds to say, had spoken little or nothing that was true.- -ñ tɩ ĥ ovdèv: = little or nothing, next to nothing. Mt. 487, 8.- -πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν. Cf. Χen. Mem. 4, 8, 9 : τὴν δίκην ἀληθέστατα εἰπών.- -οὐ μέντοι μά Δί', K.T.λ. Not, however, by any means, Athenians, speeches rhetorically decked out as theirs were in choice words and phrases, nor carefully arranged in ornate periods, but you shall hear facts, stated without premeditation in the words which chance to occur to me. -ὥσπερ οἱ τούτων, sc. λόγοι ἦσαν. In such comparative clauses, the noun may take the case of the preceding noun, or may be put in the nominative. Móyous is the object of ȧkovceσe, which is expressed in the last instead of the first clause, in order to declare emphatically and affirmatively what they shall hear. According to Stallbaum, óvóμara = singula nomina, pýμara=nomina una cum predicato. In the technical language of Greek grammar, ὀνόματα = nouns, ῥήματα = verbs.

С. TισTEÚο yaр, K.T.λ. in this connection implies, that just sentiments do not need rhetorical ornaments.- -δήπου, as usual, is somewhat playful = methinks, to be sure.—tîjde tŷj

ikia, est: mihi homini id ætatis-verbum abstractum loco verbi concreti positum. Stallb. Socrates was 70 years old at the time of his trial. Cf. D.- -πλάττοντι takes the gender of petpaki, and usually implies more or less of fictitious and false ornament.- -eis iμâs elσiéval, to come into your presence, your dicastery, or your assembly.apiepat. Ruhnken, as cited and approved by Stallbaum, says: Tapinu = admitto, aρίεμαι ad me admitti volo, i. e. precor, deprecor: -Kaì év ȧyopậ, K.T.λ. Both in the agora at the counters, and elsewhere. Cf. Mat. 21, 12: τὰς τραπέζας τῶν κολλυβιστῶν.

D. exeι yàp ovтwoí. For the fact is thus, sc. as follows. Then follows the explanatory clause, which, as usual, is without any connective (asyndeton).ȧvaßéẞnka, sc. the Bhua, or βῆμα, stand of the accused. The accuser also had his ẞñua or elevat

18

ed stand in the court.

τῆς ἐνβάδε λέξεως. The language of

judicial proceedings. For the gen. see Mt. 337; K. 274, 3; C. 395.—σπeр ovv äv. This av belongs to the apodosis with ξυνεγιγνώσκετε, where it is repeated δήπου »). It stands with oneρ to intimate at the outset (by way of anticipation), that the example is a mere supposition, and then, after the intervening protasis with el, it is repeated with the verb or some other important word of the apodosis. K. 261, 3. Cf. Gorg. 447, D, and other examples cited by Stallb. in loc.TQ ÖVTI = in fact. So very often, especially in Plato.- ξένος, not an Athenian but still a Greek, who might be understood in the Athenian courts, but would speak in the dialect, tone, and manner of his native country. Compare Schleiermacher's note ad loc.оîσπeр. C. 446; K. 242, y; Mt. 441, 2, a.

A. Kai dn kai vûv, and indeed now also. The construction is irregular. We should expect ouтw kaì vûv, so also now, answering to onep.-dikalov, being just, i. e. a reasonable request. It is in apposition with Touro, which is further explained by the infinitives av and σкопev, the demonstrative preparing the way for the infinitives and.calling attention to them. Mt. 472, b; K. 304, 2.- -ὥς... δοκῶ, as it appeare to me at least; literally, as I appear. The Greeks are fond of changing the impersonal construction into the personal. K. 307, R. 6 and 7; C. 551; Mt. 264, 5.—ïows μèv . . . ein. It is difficult to see in this harmless parenthesis the un-Platonic self-praise which Ast finds in it.—avrò TOûTO, this very thing, i. e. this single point, viz. whether I speak what is just or not. Here the demonstrative (enforced by the reflexive, of which combination Plato is particularly fond) prepares the way for a clause, as it does above for an infinitive. K. 304,2; Mt. 472,c.-ȧperý = the virtue, being in the predicate, omits the article in Greek, but requires it in English. K. 244, R. 1; C. 487, 4; Mt. 264, 5.—δίκαιός εἰμι instead of δίκαιόν ἐστι with the acc. and inf. ;

...

another example of the personal for the impersonal construction. Cf. note on dox@, above. It is treated as a species of attraction by Mt. 297, and C. 551.- -τὰ πρῶτά μου ψευδῆ κατnyopnμéva, those things which have been first falsely charged upon me, or charged upon me being false. Cf. dikaιov, above.

Β. πολλὰ ἤδη ἔτη explains πάλαι, which is altogether indefinite for some time, many years now.- τοὺς ἀμφὶ ̓́Ανυτον. Anytus and his associates, sc. Meletus and Lycon. Anytus is named, as being the most popular and at the same time the most hostile of the three prosecutors of Socrates. He was a man of large fortune but loose principles. He gained the favor of the people as a leader of the exiles at Phyle in the time of the Thirty Tyrants, and having taken offence at Socrates partly on personal and partly on professional grounds (cf. 23, E), induced Meletus and Lycon to join with him in a prosecution. According to Diogenes Laertius (2, 38, 39), the Athenians repented of their condemnation of Socrates and put Meletus to death, and sent Anytus and Lycon into banishment. Grote disbelieves and denies this. His. of Gr. Vol. 8, ch. 68. Cf. Stallb. and Smith's Dic. of Biog. and Mythol., Anytus.

...

. . Tapadaμßávovтes, who taking the mass of you from your boyhood, sc. as it were, under their instruction.-—ws čσti, K.T.λ., saying, there is one Socrates, etc. The introductory particle appropriate to an indirect quotation is here, and often in Greek, followed by a direct quotation, and must be omitted in English. C. 609; K. 329, R. 3.—σopòs ȧvýp, a philosopher. Compare the Latin sapiens. σοφός, as well as σοφιστής and piλóσopos, was more or less a term of reproach with the ignorant multitude. Cf. Grote, His. Gr. Vol. viii. pp. 479–485, Eng. ed.—τά τε μετέωρα φροντιστής. φροντιστής governs the acc. as retaining the active force of povτíjwv. Mt. 422; C. 424.- τὸν ἥττω . . . ποιῶν, making the weaker the stronger argument, or, as it is often expressed, making the worse appear