Female Artist copying Bacchus.

such as we are told by Varro painters used, divided into compartments, into which she dips her brush. She mixes her tints on the palette, which she holds in her left hand.

House of Caius Ceius.-This edifice, which stands opposite to a fountain, and is now occupied by soldiers, appears to have contained public baths. Not far distant is an edifice, adorned with a pavement of fine marble, and a good mosaic representing a lion. This quarter of the town likewise contains subterranean structures, wherein the citizens of Pompeii are supposed to have assembled, during very hot or rainy weather, to transact business. This description of building was called a cryptoporticus, and was usually adorned with columns, and furnished with baths and reservoirs or water.

House called the Habitation of the Vestals.-Here, according to appearance, were three habitations under the same roof, and likewise a chapel, with a place for the sacred fire in its centre, and in its walls three recesses for the lares. On the doorsill of one of the apartments is the word "SALVE" (welcome), wrought in mosaic; another door-sill is adorned with two serpents, also wrought in mosaic. A room of very small dimensions has, in the centre of its pavement, a labyrinth, or table for playing at an ancient game; and the pavement of another room exhibits a cornuco

pia. The skeletons of a man and a little dog were found here; and in the apartment called the toletta several gold ornaments for ladies were discovered. Not far distant is an edifice which appears to have been an anatomical theatre, as upward of forty chirurgical instruments (some resembling those of the present day, and others quite different) were found within its walls.

Ponderarium, or Customhouse.-Here were found a considerable number of weights, scales, and steelyards, similar to those now in use at Naples, together with one weight of twenty-two ounces, representing the figure of Mercury. Near the ponderarium is an edifice which, judging by the materials discovered there, seems to have been a soap-manufactory; and not far distant are two shops for hot medicated potions.

Three bakers' shops, at least, have been found, all in a tolerable state of preservation. The mills, the oven, the kneading-trough, the vessels for containing water, flour, leaven, have all been discovered, and seem to leave nothing wanting to our knowledge. In some of the vessels the very flour remained, still capable of being identified, though reduced almost to a cinder. But in the centre, some lumps of whitish matter, resembling chalk, remained, which, when wetted and placed on a red-hot iron, gave out the peculiar odor which flour thus treated emits. One of these shops was attached to the house of Sallust, the other to the house of Pansa; probably they were worth a handsome rent. The third, which we select for description, for one will serve perfectly as a type of the whole, seems to have belonged to a man of higher class, a sort of capitalist; for, instead of renting a mere dependency of another man's house, he lived in a tolerably good house of his own, of which the bakery forms a part.

Mazois (a French writer, who has described Pompeii) was present at the excavation of this house, and saw the mills at the moment of their discovery, when the iron-work, though entirely rust-eaten, was yet perfect enough to explain satisfactorily the method of construction.

The base is a cylindrical stone, about five feet in diameter, and two feet high. Upon this, forming part of the same block, or else firmly fixed into it, is a conical projection about two feet high, the sides slightly curving inward. Upon this there rests another block, externally resembling a dicebox, internally an hourglass, being shaped into two hollow cones, with their vertices toward each other, the lower one fitting the conical surface on which it rests, though not with any degree of accuracy. To diminish friction, however, a strong iron pivot was inserted in the top of the solid cone, and a corresponding socket let into the narrow part of the hourglass. Four holes were cut through the stone, parallel to this pivot. The narrow part was hooped on the outside with iron, into which wooden bars were inserted, by means of which the upper stone was turned upon its pivot, by the labor of men or asses. The upper hollow cone served as a hopper, and was filled with corn, which fell by degrees through the four holes upon the solid cone, and was reduced to powder by friction between the two rough surfaces. Of course, it worked its way to the bottom by degrees, and fell out on the cylindrical base, round which a channel was cut to facilitate the collection. These machines are about six feet high in the whole, made of a rough, gray, volcanic stone, full of large crystals of leucite. Thus rude in a period of high refinement and luxury, was one of the commonest and most necessary machines; thus careless were the Romans of the amount of labor wasted in preparing an article of daily and universal consumption. This, probably, arose in chief from the employment of slaves, the hardness of whose task was little cared for; while the profit and encouragement to enterprise on the part of the professional baker was proportionally diminished, since every family of wealth probably prepared its bread at home.

In the centre of the pier at the back, half hidden by the mill, is the aperture to the cistern by which the water used in making bread was supplied. On each side are vessels to hold the water; one is seen, the other hidden.

The oven is seen on the left. It is made with considerable attention to economy of heat. The real oven is enclosed in a sort of ante-oven, which alone is seen in our view. The latter had an aperture at the top for the smoke to escape. The hole in the side is for the introduction of dough, which was prepared in the adjoining room, and deposited through that hole upon the shovel, with which the man in front placed it in the oven. The bread, when baked, was conveyed to cool in a room on the other side of the oven, by a similar aperture. Beneath the oven is an ash-pit. To

the right of our view is a large room, which is conjectured to have been a stable The jawbone of an ass, and some other fragments of a skeleton, were found in it. There is a reservoir for water at the further end, which passes through the wall, and is common both to this room and the next, so that it could be filled without going into the stable. The further room is fitted up with stone basins, which seem to have been the kneading-troughs. It contains also a narrow and inconvenient staircase.

Though bread-corn formed the principal article of nourishment among the Italians, the use of bread itself was not of early date. For a long time the Romans used their corn sodden into pap; and there were no bakers in Rome antecedent to the war against Perseus, king of Macedonia, about A. U. 580. Before this, every house made its own bread; and this was the task of the women, except in great houses, where there were men-cooks. And even after the invention of bread, it was long before the use of mills was known; but the grain was bruised in mortars. Their loaves appear to have been very often baked in moulds, several having been found; these may possibly be artoptæ, and the loaves thus baked, artopticii (mentioned by Roman writers). Several of these loaves have been found entire. They are flat, and about eight inches in diameter.

Wine and Oil Shop.-The vessels which contained wine and oil may still be seen here, and in many other shops of the same kind. Here, likewise, are stoves, with which these shops seem usually to have been furnished, perhaps for the purpose of boiling wine.

House of Caius Sallust.-Contiguous to the wine and oil shop is one of the largest houses yet discovered at Pompeii; and according to the inscription on its outside wall, once the abode of Caius Sallust. Here is a triclinium, with places where mattresses appear to have been spread for the family to lie down while they ate. This triclinium is in the back part of the house; and in another part, is a tolerably wellpreserved picture of Diana and Acteon; and likewise a small room, paved with African marbles, and adorned with a picture of Mars, Venus, and Cupid, well-preserved, and executed in a style much superior to the generality of frescoes found at Pompeii. In the lararium, or chapel for the lares, a small statue was discovered, as were some coins, and a gold vase, weighing three ounces; bronze vases likewise were found in this house; and four skeletons, five armlets, two rings, two earrings, a small silver dish, a candelabrum, several bronze vases, and thirty-two coins, were found in its vicinity.

House of Pansa.-This is a good house, handsomely decorated with marbles and mosaics. In the centre of its quadrangle are a well and a small reservoir for fish; and in its kitchen a fireplace, resembling what we find in modern Italian kitchens, and paintings representing a spit, a ham, an eel, and other eatables. Here were found several culinary utensils, both of earthenware and bronze, and not far hence is a shop, wherein a variety of colors, prepared for fresco-painting, were discovered. During the progress of the excavations at Pompeii, a painting was found in the Casa Carolina, which scarcely held together to be copied, and fell in pieces upon the first rain. It is of grotesque character, and represents a pigmy painter, whose only covering is a tunic. He is at work upon the portrait of another pigmy, clothed in a manner to indicate a person of distinction. The artist is seated opposite to his sitter, at an awful distance from the picture, which is placed upon an easel, similar in construction to ours. By the side of the artist stands his palette, which is a little table with four feet, and by it is a pot to wash his pencils in. He therefore was working with gum, or some sort of water-colors; but he did not confine himself to this branch of the art, for to the right we see his color-grinder, who prepares, in a vessel placed on some hot coals, colors mixed with wax and oil. Two amateurs enter the studio, and appear to be conversing with respect to the picture. On the noise occasioned by their entrance, a scholar seated in the distance turns round to look at them. It is difficult to explain the presence of the bird in the painting-room. The picture is not complete; à second bird, and on the opposite side, a child playing with a dog, had perished before Mazois (an artist who has preserved some of the most valuable remains at Pompeii) copied it. This picture is very curious, as it shows how few things, in the mechanical practice of painting, have been changed during two thousand years.

Forum Civile.-This is a very large, oblong piazza, which appears to have been bordered with magnificent porticoes, supported by a double row of tufo and traver tino columns, and paved with marble. One entrance to this forum is through two archways, the use of which is not apparent. Beyond the second archway, on the left, are remains of a temple, supposed to have been consecrated to Jupiter, because a fine head of that heathen deity was found there. Several steps, now shaken to pieces by earthquakes, lead to the vestibule of this temple, which seems to have been quadrilateral, spacious, and handsome, and its cella is elegantly paved with mosaics. On the right of these ruins stands the temple of Venus, exhibiting beautiful remains of its original splendor. The shape of the edifice is quadrilateral; it is large, and its walls adorned with paintings. The cella, which stands on fifteen steps, is paved with mosaics; and in a contiguous apartment is a well-preserved painting of Bacchus and Silenus. Here, likewise, is a small recess, supposed to have been a lararium. The lower part of the temple contains a herma, resembling a vestal, together with an altar (or perhaps the basis of the statue of Venus), which seems to have slid from its proper place, in consequence of an earthquake. The steps leading to the cella have the same appearance, and all the edifices in this part of Pompeii must have suffered more from the earthquake which preceded the

eruption of the year 79, than from that eruption itself, as the repairs going on at the very moment of that eruption evidently prove. Beyond the temple of Venus, and fronting the Via Appia, stands the basilica, or principal court of justice, a majestic structure, of a quadrilateral form, in length, a hundred and ninety feet, and in breadth seventy-two. The walls are adorned with Corinthian pilasters, and the centre of the building exhibits a double row of Corinthian columns, twenty-eight in number. The tribunal for the judges, which stands at the upper end of the court, is considerably elevated, and has, immediately beneath it, a subterranean apartment, supposed to have been a prison. In the court, and fronting the tribunal, is a large pedestal, evidently intended to support an equestrian statue; and on an outside wall of this structure (that wall which fronts the house of Championet) the word "basilica" may be discovered, in two places, written with red paint. Beyond the basilica, and fronting the temple of Jupiter, are three large edifices, supposed to have been dedicated to public uses, and that in the centre was evidently unfinished, or repairing, when buried by the eruption of 79. On the side of the forum, and opposite to the basilica, are edifices resembling temples; one of which, supposed to have been consecrated to Mercury, contains a beautiful altar, adorned with basso-relievoes, representing a sacrifice. Marbles of various sorts, apparently prepared for new buildings, together with a pedestal which seems, from the inscription it bears, to have supported the statue of Q. Sallust, and another pedestal, inscribed with the letters, "C. Cvspio C. F. Pansa," occupy the centre of the piazza; and, judging from marks in the pavement, the entrance to this forum was occasionally closed with gates of bronze or iron.

House of Championet.—This habitation, so called because excavated by a French general of that name, appears to have suffered considerably from the earthquake of the year 63; it has a vestibule, paved with mosaics, and, in the centre of its quadrangle, a reservoir for the rain-water which fell on its roof; this reservoir appears to have had a covering. At the back of the house is another vestibule; and under the sitting-rooms and bedchambers (all of which are paved with mosaics, and more or less decorated with paintings), are subterranean offices, a rare thing at Pompeii. Skeletons of females, with rings, bracelets, and a considerable number of coins, were found in this house.

Continuation of the Via Appia.-On each side of this street are shops and other buildings, which exhibit the names and occupations of the persons by whom they were once inhabited, these names, &c., written with red paint; and the wall, front. ing the Via Appia, and belonging to the chalcidicum, displays the ordinances of the magistrates, the days appointed for festivals, &c., likewise written with red paint. Here are bakers' shops, containing mills for pulverizing corn; oil and wine shops; a house adorned with pictures of heathen divinities; and another house elegantly painted, and supposed to have belonged to a jeweller. In this street, and likewise in other parts of the town, are several fountains, which were supplied by water brought in a canal from the Sarno; and at the lower end of the street, near the portico leading to the tragic theatre, was found in 1812, a skeleton, supposed to be the remains of a priest of Isis, with a large quantity of coins, namely, three hundred and sixty pieces of silver, forty-two of bronze, and eight of gold, wrapped up in cloth so strong as not to have perished during more than seventeen centuries. Here likewise were found several silver vases, some of them evidently sacrificial, and belonging to the temple of Isis; small silver spoons, cups of gold and silver, a valuable cameo, rings, silver basso-relievoes, &c.

Portico ornamented with Six Columns of Tufo.-The capitals of the columns which supported this portico appear to have been handsome, and its front, according to an inscription on a pedestal that still remains, was adorned with the statue of Marcus Claudius Marcellus, son of Caius, patron of Pompeii. The statue, however, has not been found. Beyond this portico is a long colonnade, leading to the tragic theatre.

Temple of Hercules.-This edifice, apparently more ancient than any other temple at Pompeii, is said to have been thrown down by the earthquake of the year 63, rebuilt, but again demolished in 79. The ruins prove, however, that it was once a stately Doric structure, which stood on a quadrilateral platform, with three steps on every side leading up to it. The platform still remains, and is ninety feet long, by about sixty feet wide. Traces of gigantic columns also remain ; and beyond the platform, and nearly fronting the east, are three altars: that in the centre is small, and probably