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δὲ καὶ δεύτερον οὐκέτι [αὐτοσχεδιάζοι], ἀλλ ̓ ἕωλα μελετῴη καὶ ἑαυτῷ προει ρημένα, set him as a subject τοὺς ἀκλήτους, and checked his supposed improvisation by the written copy. The audience burst into a roar of laughter, and Ph. stormed, is deivà táσxoi tŵv čavtoû elpyóμevos.

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155 COLOR=Xpŵμa. vI 279 seq. sed iacet in servi complexibus aut equitis. dic, dic aliquem, sodes, hic, Quintiliane, colorem.'|' haeremus, dic ipsa.' 'olim convenerat' inquit ut faceres tu quod velles, nec non ego possem indulgere mihi. Colorare then will mean to gloss over, to give a false colouring to. a technical expression in the schools. Quintil. Iv 2 § 88 sunt quaedam et falsae expositiones, quarum in foro duplex genus est: alterum, quod instrumentis adiuvatur [as when Clodius by perjured witnesses proved an alibi]. ... alterum quod est tuendum dicentis ingenio. id interim ad solam verecundiam pertinet, unde etiam mihi videtur dici color; interim ad quaestionem. ib. § 94 somniorum et superstitionum colores [pleas, excuses. Spald. cum quis nocturno visu incitatus vel aliqua religione constrictus aliquid fecisse vult videri.'] ipsa iam facilitate auctoritatem perdiderunt. cf. § 95 seq. Among the declamations of [Quintilian] forty-three are distinguished from the rest as coloratae; in the controversiae of Seneca the color regularly follows the divisio. E. g. controv. 25 thema Flaminius praetor inter cenam a meretrice rogatus, quae aiebat se numquam decollari hominem vidisse, unum ex damnatis occidit. accusatur maiestatis. On this it was observed quaedam controversiae sunt, in quibus factum defendi non potest, excusari potest: ex quibus est et haec. In mitigation it was urged, quam multa populus Romanus in suis imperatoribus tulerit: in Gurgite luxuriam, in Manlio impotentiam, etc. . . . obiciunt quod damnatus perierit meretrici: postulant, praetorem perire damnato.. ebrium fuisse, nescisse quid fecerit. . . non putavit ad rem pertinere, ubi aut quando periret, qui perire deberet. In aggravation of the crime the following colores amongst others were used percussurus lictor ad praetorem respexit, praetor ad meretricem . . . . lictori, quia bene percusserat propinatum est. Serv. Aen. 1x 130. Color is not used by Cic. or Cornif. ad Herenn. in M. Sen. Quintil. and Iuv. it denotes the varnish, gloss or colour by which the accused endeavours to palliate, the accuser to aggravate, the allowed facts of the case; see Spalding on Quintil. Iv 2 § 88. Ernesti lex. rhet. xpwμa. color. R. Volkmann die Rhetorik der Gr. u. Römer 78-9. A desperate case, which admits of no excuse, is Planud. schol. Hermog. in Walz v 250 To ȧxρúμатоν ȧvaжоλóуnтov. Fortunat. 1 3 p. 83 20 H quae est achromos? cum color facti non invenitur, ut: ' decem milites belli tempore pollices sibi amputaverunt; rei sunt laesae rei publicae.' The proper place for the color is in the probatio, among the argumenta Asin. Poll. in Sen. exc. cont. IV 3 § 5 p. 382. It was distinct from defensio Sen. contr. 21 § 17 p. 225 a parte patris magis defensione opus esse dicebat Latro quam colore. Specimens of colores, where the case seems desperate ib. 33 § 15 seq. where one is accused of mutilating foundlings and sending them out to beg: 'men will be less forward to expose their infants: he was compassionate, he wished to save them; he was forced to sacrifice a part of their body to save the life of the rest' etc. ib. 7 § 18 my secretary, writing from dictation, happened to omit a non. See more in Koerber über den rhetor Seneca, Cassel 1864, 40-42. Otho Iunius published four books of colores Sen. contr. 3 § 11 p. 82. exc. contr. 11 1 § 7 p. 350 quos belle Gallio noster Antiphontis libros vocat: tantum in illis somniorum est.

SUMMA QUAESTIO the main point, the gist. Quintil. v 13 § 55 videndum

praecipue utrique parti, ubi sit rei summa: nam fere acci.it, ut in causis multa dicantur. 156 DIVERSA PARTE XIII 136 n. SAGITTAE i.e. arguments cf. 173 pugna.

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157-160 cited by Ioan. Sarisb. metalog. 11 6. 158 MERCEDEM 228. Philodemi rhet. ed. Gros, Par. 1840, 210-216. 235 argues that money spent on sophists is thrown away, that their training does not fit men for the bar or for addressing a public assembly. p. 223 the wealth acquired by some rhetoricians as ill-gotten as that of informers or courtesans. Cic. Phil. 11 §§ 42. 43. 84 fin. M. Sen. exc. contr. 1x 3. § 4 p. 437 14 in Sabinum Clodium uno die et Graece et Latine declamantem multa urbane dicta sunt. dixit Haterius quibusdam querentibus quod pusillas mercedes acciperet, cum duas res doceret, numquam magnas mercedes accipere eos qui hermeneumata docent. Suet. gr. 9 L. Orbilius Pupillus taught maiore fama quam emolumento . librum etiam cui est titulus replaλyns edidit continentem querellas de iniuriis, quas professores neglegentia aut ambitione parentum acciperent. Aug. conf. v §22 sedulo ergo agere coeperam, ut docerem Romae artem rhetoricam, et prius domi congregare aliquos, quibus et per quos innotescere coeperam; et ecce cognosco alia Romae fieri, quae non patiebar in Africa.....'subito' inquiunt ne mercedem magistro reddant, conspirant multi adulescentes et transferunt se ad alium;' desertores fidei et quibus prae pecuniae caritate iustitia vilis est etc. Sievers Libanius 31-2 sometimes the rhetorician entreats the fathers to send his pupils money (Liban. ep. 22. 23. 78), or institutes inquiries in a young man's home after his negligent relatives (ib. 1212). Sometimes poorer pupils came (ib. 175. 1327); the father of one gave his son an ass, the sale of which was to defray the cost of his subsistence ib. 1452.' Sievers 35 the pupils spend the money received from their fathers for their education on driving, gambling or worse excesses Liban. or. I 198 R.' Sievers 38 after speaking of the public salary of rhetoricians: "the second item of income was the honorarium received from their pupils for the lectures (uolós or duoißal or. 1 197. II 267; Libanius wrote an oration Tepi poloû ep. 34). Themistius (or. XXIII p. 288c) received no fee. Here all depended on the number of pupils. In Constantinople Libanius was promised forty pupils, but really had eighty (or. 1 24. 29); as private tutor in Antioch he began with fifteen, but afterwards had forty or fifty (ib. 70. ep. 47), and later, as he says perhaps with some exaggeration, so many, that it was not possible to go through them all before sunset (or. I 73. cf. ep. 277). Chrestus as private tutor had 100 paying pupils' Philostr. soph. II 11 § 1 μμσo dкроaтal. The higher a teacher stood in favour with the authorities, the greater was the number of his audience Liban. or. 1 73; so Alexander, probably as consular of Syria A.D. 363, exerted himself in behalf of Libanius ep. 758. The amount of the fee was settled at the beginning of the course; it was paid on Jan. 1, at any rate that day is called the rhetorician's harvest, and on that day the scholars gave gold staters into the rhetoricians' hands and the paedagogi laid silver at their feet Liban. or. I 259. Arsenius had supposed that the festival brought in to Libanius a large sum ep. 343. The amount of the fee probably varied greatly (Proklus received 100 drachmae for the whole course Philostr. soph. 11 21 § 3. Damianus paid 10,000 drachmae to Aristides and to Hadrian ib. 23 § 2: according to Diocletian's edict 17 71 3000 denarii a year is the maximum); yet it seems to have been sufficient (80 scholars sufficed to maintain Libanius in Antioch or. I 29); at least the poorer folk in Antioch thought so, and Libanius allows that it was so,

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provided the number of scholars were adequate and payments regular. But this was not the case, often poorer scholars were taken gratis (by Damianus Philostr. soph. 11 23 § 3; and Libanius or. 1 75. 11 311. III 328. ep. 343. 753. 828), often not to their advantage, as men never prize what has cost them nothing (Liban. or. III 441. cf. Philostr. soph. II 10 § 2). Only few paid (Liban. or. 11 217) and it was difficult to amass wealth by fees ib. 600. The position of teachers at Antioch, formerly very comfortable (ib. 208-9. ep. 277. 401), as bad times came, altered much for the worse." Lib. or. 11 209 seq. represents them as having no house, or one heavily mortgaged; one having three, another two slaves, another but one, and those insolent. They look on children as a misfortune, and hold it wise to shun marriage. Once they dealt much with silversmiths, and were nice in the choice of plate, taking a high tone with the artists now they beg for credit at the baker's and pay for bread with their wives' trinkets. When lecture is over, they are loath to return home to be reminded of their misery; on conferring with their colleagues as they wait in the lecture-rooms, they find that the misery is universal. Lib. suggests that the city should endow the chairs with land. Philostr. soph. II 11 §§ 2. 3. 19 § 2 Apollonius was liberal to needy Greeks, Kov ẞapis vπèρ μl û ovμßiva. 23 § 3 Damianus remitted fees both to poor clients in the courts, and to poor students. So Alexander Aristid. or. 12 I 139-140 D. APPELLAS demand, dun for payment 1x 64. The common construction is appellare aliquem de pecunia e.g. VM. Iv 8 § 3. dig. XLVII 10 15 § 33 si quis non debitorem, quasi debitorem, appellaverit. QUID ENIM τί γάρ; I wonder that you should expect a fee. You cannot surely expect a fee? For what do I know? Our colloquial why? nearly expresses the meaning. Hand Turs. II 384. CULPA etc. reply of Vettius.

159 SCILICET it seems, the fault is charged upon the teacher: e.g. by Quintil. XII 11 § 14 there is time enough for learning sed culpa est in praeceptoribus prima, qui libenter detinent quos occupaverunt, partim cupiditate diutius exigendi mercedulas, partim ambitione, quo difficilius videatur esse quod pollicentur, partim etiam inscientia tradendi vel neglegentia. ib. 1 1 § 11 praecipienda sunt optima: quae si quis gravabitur, non rationi defuerint, sed homini. cf. the apology of Aristid. or. 46 11 296-312 D for teachers whose pupils turn out ill.

LAEVA IN PARTE MAMILLAE Fulgent. myth. 11 9 in corde aliquanti philosophorum dixerunt sapientiam. unde et Iuv. etc. Cic. Tusc. 1 § 18. 160 SALIT Pers. III 111 cor tibi rite salit? Verg. g. 11 484. ARCADICO IUVENI Pers. III 9 Jahn Arcadiae pecuaria [asses] rudere credas. schol. Aristoph. nub. 397 τοὺς γὰρ μωροὺς ἀρχαίους ἐκάλουν ἀπὸ τῆς ἱστορίας, τοὺς ̓Αρκάδας κατὰ τοὺς πρὸ σελήνης χρόνους ἐν ταῖς ἐρήμοις διάγειν. Philostr. Apoll. VIII 7 § 43 οὐδὲ γὰρ σοφώτατοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων ̓Αρκάδες... ἀλλ' ἀγροικότατοι ἀνθρώπων εἰσὶ καὶ συώδεις. Ios. c. Ap. I 4 fn. μόλις γὰρ οὗτοι . . . γράμμασιν ἐπαιδεύθησαν. Polyb. rv 20 $ 11. Lucian bis acc. 11 πόθεν γὰρ ἐν ̓Αρκαδίᾳ σοφιστὴς ἢ φιλόσοφος; id. de astrol. 26. Fulgent. myth. I pr. ad fin. p. 621 Arcadicis sensibus (var. lect.). Martian. Cap. vI § 577 Arcadicum ac Midinum sapis. SEXTA Quintil. II 7 § 1 ne omnia, quae scripserint, ediscant et certa, ut moris est, die dicant; quod quidem maxime patres exigunt, atque ita demum studere liberos suos, si quam frequentissimo declamaverint, credunt. id. x 5 § 21 citius autem idoneus erit iuvenis, quem praeceptor coegerit in declamando quam simillimum esse veritati et per totas ire materias: quarum nunc facillima, ut maxime favorabilia,

decerpunt. obstant huic

...

fere turba discipulorum et consuetudo classium certis diebus audiendarum: nonnihil etiam persuasio patrum numerantium potius declamationes, quam aestimantium. Pers. III 45 seq. Jahn. Suet. Tib. 32 Casaub. id. gram. 7. 161 1 16 n. VI 291. x 166-7 i demens, et saevas curre per Alpes, ut pueris place as et declamatio fias. The practice of these unreal debates unfitted pupils for real pleadings Mart. VI 19 the action is not of assault or murder or poison, but of three goats: tu Cannas Mithridaticumque bellum et periuria Punici furoris. magna voce sonas manuque tota. | iam dic, Postume, de tribus capellis. DIRUS Hor. c. 111 6 36 Hannibalemque 162 QUIDQUID ID EST Pers. III 95. VI 65. Mart. III 1 1. vi 68 11. We have here an example of a suasoria, 168 seq. of controversiae.

...

dirum. ib. IV 4 42.

QUIDQUID ID x 122 n.

DELIBERAT AN

Quintil. VII 4 § 2 haec et in suasoriis tractari solent, ut si Caesar deliberet, an Britanniam impugnet.' id. III 8 §§ 15-21. e.g. § 17 sí quaeretur, an utique futurum sit, ut Carthaginem superent Romani, ut redeat Hannibal, si Scipio exercitum in Africam transtulerit. § 33 interim triplices etiam suasoriae incidunt, ut cum Pompeius deliberabat, Parthos an Africam an Aegyptum peteret. VII 1 § 24. M. Sen. suas. 3 deliberat Agamemnon, an Iphigeniam immolet. The thema in each of the seven suasoriae is similarly worded. Martian. Cap. IV §§ 448. 467.

PETAT URBEM X 156 n. 165 n. Cato orig. ap. Gell. x 24 igitur dictatorem [Hannibalem] Carthaginiensium magister equitum [Maharbal] monuit: mitte mecum Romam equitatum, die quinti in Capitolium tibi cena cocta erit. Plut. Fab. Max. 17. Liv. xxii 51. VM. ix. 5 E § 3. Sil. x 331 seq. Flor. 1 22 11 6 § 19 seq. dubium deinde non erit quin ultimum illum diem habitura fuerit Roma quintumque intra diem epulari Hannibal in Capitolio potuerit, si quod Poenum illum dixisse Maharbalem Bomilcaris ferunt, Hannibal quem ad modum sciret vincere, sic uti victoria scisset. set tum quidem illum, ut dici vulgo solet, aut fatum urbis imperaturae aut ipsius mens mala et aversi a Carthagine di in diver sum abstulerunt. Niebuhr lectures 62 11 105 seq. Polyb. 1 118 § 4 seq.. Prop. IV III 3 9-10.

163 AN an.... an not 'whether .... or,' which is generally expressed by utrum. an, or ne . . . . an; rarely by an . . . . an, as in Ov. met.. x 254. Verg. Aen. x 680 sq. Plin. ep. vi 16 § 15. VIII 14 § 24. Hand Turs. I 307 seq. Madvig § 463 b. Ramshorn 718. The passage is an example of asyndeton "he is consulting whether to make for Rome, whether," etc.: an petat etc., and an post etc.. being two distinct questions, rather than the two clauses of one disjunctive sentence. Indeed the second question refers to a different occasion from the first. It was in the year 211 B. C., five years after the battle of Cannae, that Hannibal retired from the walls of Rome Liv. xxvI 11 instructis utrinque exercitibus in eius pugnae casum, in qua urbs Roma victori praemium esset, imber ingens grandine mixtus ita utramque aciem turbavit, ut vix armis retentis in castra sese receperint, nullius rei minore quam hostium metu. et postero die eodem loco acies instructas eadem tempestas diremit. ubi recepissent se in castra, mira serenitas cum tranquillitate oriebatur. in religionem ea res apud Poenos versa est: auditaque vox Hannibalis fertur potiundae sibi urbis Romae modo mentem non dari, modo fortunam.' id. xxx 20 §§ 7-9 they say that Hannibal on leaving Italy was sadder than most exiles on leaving their

se, centum

country; respexisse saepe Italiae litora, et deos hominesque accusantem in
se quoque ac suum ipsius caput exsecratum, quod non cruentum ab
Cannensi victoria militem Romam duxisset....
milibus armatorum ad Trasumennum aut Cannas caesis, circa Casilinum
Cumasque et Nolam consenuisse. L. Caecilius Metellus recommended
the Romans to forsake Italy after Cannae G. C. Lewis credibility c. 3 § 7
n. 21.
Manil. Iv 37 quid referam Cannas admotaque moenibus
arma? C. Iul. Victor ars rhet. 3 § 8 p. 381 H ut si Hannibal reus,
quod a tertio lapide urbis recessisset, diceret fulminibus et
tonitruis se esse deterritum. In the famous debate respecting the
removal of the altar of Victory A. D. 384 the prefect of the city, Symma-
chus, makes Rome say relatio 3 p. 7 20 ed. Meyer 1872 hic cultus in
leges meas orbem redegit, haec sacra Hannibalem a moenibus, a
Capitolio Senonas reppulerunt. Ambr. ep. I 18 § 4 replies dum
sacrorum potentia praedicatur, infirmitas proditur, ergo Hannibal diu
sacris insultavit Romanis et dis contra se dimicantibus
usque ad muros urbis vincendo pervenit. cur se obsideri passi
sunt, pro quibus deorum suorum arma pugnabant. cf. § 6. Aug. civ. D. III 20
the gods of Rome should have saved the loyal Saguntum; si ipsi dii
tempestate atque fulminibus Hannibalem postea Romanis
proximum moenibus terruerunt longeque miserunt; tunc pri-
mum tale aliquid facerent. Varr. in Non. p. 47 noctu Hannibalis cum
fugavi exercitum Tutanus. Prop. IV=111 3 11 Hannibalemque lares
Romana sede fugantes. Sen. de ir. 11 2 § 5 timor, qui Hannibale
post Cannas moenia circumsidente lectoris percurrit animos.
Festus p. 282. Paulus p. 283 M Rediculi fanum extra portam Capenam
fuit, quia excedens ad urbem Hannibal ex eo loco redierit
quibusdam perterritus visis. Silius also XII 651 seq. attributes
Hannibal's retreat to his fear of the divine wrath 663 seq. invadit Notus
ac piceam cum grandine multa | intorquens nubem, cunctan-
tem et vana minantem | circumagit castrisque ducem succedere
cogit. Flor. 11 6 § 44 seq. The fable (which may be compared with
those of the deliverance of Delphi from the troops of Xerxes and of
Brennus) was unknown to Polyb. Ix 6 § 5.

165 STIPULARE stipulatio is defined by Pomponius dig. XLV 1 5 § 1
verborum conceptio, quibus is qui interrogatur daturum facturumve se
quod interrogatus est responderit. see exx. ib. tit. 1 passim. Brisson. de
form. vI 159-181. 194.
PROTINUS the date of

annum.

payment is expressed in a stipulatio (and its correlative sponsio) e. g. post
ACCIPE QUOD DO Cic. fin. II § 83 accipio
quod dant. Ter. Phorm. 633-4 dic quid vis dari | tibi in manum,
ut erus his desistat litibus? ['quid may perhaps be right: quantum
vis stipulare et protinus accipe.—" quid?" do ut totiens etc. [accipe]
quid? says the one to whom the offer is made: "receive what?" then
the other do ut (e. g. accipe ut) "why I give it on condition that" etc.'
H. A. J. M.]
166 PATER who comes occasionally
to hear his son recite Pers. III 45 seq. morituri verba Catonis | discere,
non sano multum laudanda magistro, quae pater adductis sudans
audiret amicis. Quintil. 11 7 § 1 illud ex consuetudine mutandum
prorsus existimo in iis, de quibus nunc disserimus, aetatibus, ne omnia
quae scripserint ediscant, et certa, ut moris est, die dicant: quod quidem
maxime patres exigunt, atque ita demum studere liberos suos, si quam
frequentissime declamaverint, credunt. ib. 4 § 16. x 5 § 21 n.

ALII Vettius is not a singular instance of a rhetorician who must leave

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