deep, broad, and flow and to make the fcene ftill more active, mills and other moving machines are often erected. In the lakes are interfperfed iflands; fome barren, furrounded with rocks and fhoals; others inriched with every thing that art and na ture can furnish. Even in their cafcades they avoid regularity, as forcing nature out of its course the waters are feen burfting out from among the caverns and windings of the artificial rocks; here an impetuous cataract, there many leffer falls: and in its paffage, the water is often impeded by trees and heaps of ftones, that seem brought `down by the violence of the current. Straight lines, generally avoided, are fometimes indulged, in order to take the advantage of any interesting object at a distance, by directing openings upon it.

Senfible of the influence of contraft, the Chinese artifts deal in fudden tranfitions, and in oppofing to each other, forms, colours, and fhades. The eye is conducted, from limited to extenfive views, and from lakes and rivers to plains, hills, and woods: to dark and gloomy colours, are oppofed

the

the more brilliant:the different maffes of light and shade are disposed in such a manner, as to render the compofition distinct in its parts, and striking on the whole. In plantations, the trees are artfully mixed according to their shape and colour; those of fpreading branches with the pyramidal, and the light with the deep green. They even introduce decay'd trees, fome erect, and fome half out of the ground *In order to heighten contraft, much bolder ftrokes are rifked. They fometimes introduce rough rocks, dark caverns, trees ill formed and feemingly rent by tempefts, or blasted by lightning, a building in ruins or half confumed by fire. But to relieve the mind from the harshness of such objects, they are always fucceeded by the sweetest and most beautiful scenes.

The Chinese study to give play to the is magination. They hide the termination of their lakes: the view of a cascade is fre

Tafte has fuggefted to Kent the fame artifice. The placing a decay'd tree properly, contributes to contraft; and alfo produces a fort of pity, grounded on an imaginary perfonification.

quently

quently interrupted by trees, through which are feen obfcurely the waters as they fall. The imagination once roufed, is difpofed to magnify every object.

Nothing is more studied in Chinese gar dens than to raise wonder or furprife. In fcenes calculated for that end, every thing appears like fairy-land; a torrent, for example, convey'd under ground, producing an uncommon found that puzzles a stranger to guess what it may be; and, to increase our wonder by multiplying such uncommon founds, the rocks and buildings are contriyed with cavities and interftices. Sometimes one is led infenfibly into dark caverns, terminating unexpectedly in a landscape inriched with all that nature affords the moft delicious.At other times, beautiful walks infenfibly conduct us to a rough uncultivated field, where bushes briers and ftones interrupt the paffage when we look about for an outlet, fome rich profpect unexpectedly opens to view. Another artifice is, to

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obfcure fome capital part by trees or other interpofed objects: our curiofity is raised to know what lies beyond; and after a few

steps,

Ateps, owes are greatly surprised: with fome fcene totally different from what was ex pected.

I close these cursory obfervations upon gardening, with fa remark that must touch every reader. Rough uncultivated ground, dismal to the eye, infpires peevishnefs and discontent. May not this be one cause of the harfh manners of favages? In a field richly ornamented, are collected beautiful objects of various kinds. Such a field difplays in full luftre, the goodness of the Deity and the ample provision he has made for our happiness; which must fill every fpectator, with gratitude to his Maker and with benevolence to his fellow-creatures Other fine arts may be perverted to excite irregular, and re ven vicious, emotions: but gardening, which infpires the pureft and most refined pleasures, cannot but promote every good affection. The gaiety and harmony tof mind it produceth, muft naturally incline the spectator to communicate his fatisfac tion to others by acts of humanity and kindness.

Lil Having

Having finished what occurred on gardening, I proceed to rules and obfervations that more peculiarly concern architecture. Architecture being an useful as well as a fine art, buildings and parts of buildings muft be diftinguished into three kinds, viz. what are intended for utility folely, what for ornament folely, and what for both. A building intended for utility folely, fuch as detached offices, ought in every part to corres fpond precifely to that intention. The leaft deviation from ufe, though contributing to ornament, will be difagreeable. For every work of ufe being confidered as a means to an end, its perfection as a means is the capital circumstance; and every other beauty, in oppofition, is neglected as improper and impertinent. In things again intended for ornament, such as pillars, obelisks, triumphal arches, beauty folely ought to be regarded. A Heathen temple must be confidered as merely ornamental; for being dedicated to fome deity, and not intended for habitation, it is fufceptible of any figure and any embellishment that fancy can fuggeft and beauty require. The great diffi VOL. III. Sf

culty